 Student Power Points
 Civil War – Reconstruction
 American Vision Chapters 10-12
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Mrs. Kish’s Classes
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Periods 1,6, 7

 A War appropriations Bill created by David Wilmot
 Proposed that in any territory the United States gained from Mexico
“neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist.”

 Suggestion made by
Lewis Cass that the citizens of each new territory should be allowed to decide for themselves if they wanted to permit slavery or not.

 If California entered the
Union as a free state, the slaveholding states would become a minority in the
Senate.
 Southerners dreaded losing power in national politics, fearing it would lead to limits on slavery and states’ rights.

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Taking states out of the union
Senator Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts, called on the Senate to put national unity above sectional loyalties and agreed with
Clay’s plan.
 Claiming it was the only hope for preserving the
Union

 An anti-slavery novel written by
Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Published in 1852
 Sold 300,000 copies in its first year
 Southerners tried to have the novel banned
 It eventually sold millions of copies

 Passed in 1850
 Forced the return of runaway slaves
 Dealt with slaves who ran away to free states

 A network of secret routes and safe houses
 Was used by slaves to escape to free states and
Canada
 Harriet Tubman was a runaway slave herself and was the most famous conductor
 Conductors gave slaves food, shelter, and money to start a new life

 Purpose: to connect the West Coast with the rest of the country
 It would reduce travel time from a week to four days
 Gadsden purchase
 Democratic Senator Stephen A.
Douglas prepared a bill to organize a new territory, Nebraska
 House of Representatives passed the bill
 Southern senators prevented bill from coming to a vote

 Passed in 1854
 It allowed people in Kansas and
Nebraska to decide whether or not to allow slavery within their borders
 It served to cancel the Missouri
Compromise of 1820
 Anti- slavery and pro-slavery settlers divided into 2 governments
 “Bleeding Kansas”

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It was one of the two major contemporary political parties in the U.S.
Created in July 1854 at a convention in Michigan.
Composed of Northern Whigs and Free-Soilers; opposed further expansion of slavery.
Feared Southern planters were becoming an aristocracy.

 Dred Scott was a slave owned by Dr. John
Emerson.
 He sued to end his slavery, arguing that he was free because he was in a free territory.
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The case went to the Supreme Court.
On March 6, 1857, Chief Justice Roger B.
Taney ruled against Scott.

 It was the second of four proposed constitutions for Kansas.
 A town in Kansas wanted to legalize slavery, so they made a constitution and the Senate accepted it but the House of Representatives blocked it.

 In Freeport, Illinois, It was articulated by
Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the
Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858.
 Stephen Douglas statement that slavery could be excluded in a territory if people refused to pass the laws needed to regulate and enforce slavery.

 On October 16, 1859, John Brown and 18 followers seized the arsenal of Harper’s
Ferry.
 John Brown hoped to begin an insurrection against slave holders.
 He was caught, convicted and executed.

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Key Figures
The dissolution of the union began with South
Carolina.
 By February
1,1861,MISS.,FL.,AL.,GA.
,LA.,TX. All had to vote to secede.
Major Elections:
 Lincolns Election
Fun / Interesting Facts
 With fireworks and drills the Convention voted the Ordinance of
Secession

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Key Figures:
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Montgomery AL declared themselves to be a new nation in early Feb.
The U.S. Constitution declared that each state was independent and guaranteed the existence of slavery in confederate territory.
Political Parties:
 Confederate
Major Elections:
 Jefferson Davis as president of confederacy

 Congress tried to find compromise.
 Crittenden Compromise proposed amendments allowing slavery where it currently existed.
 This did not pass in congress. A peace conference was also used but was unsuccessful.

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Time Period:
 In April
Key Concept:
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In early April Lincoln intended to resupply Fort Sumter.
Confederate leaders told
Anderson stating to surrender by the morning of April 12,
1861.
Anderson refused the note and as time passed by a cannon shot was heard and Fort
Sumter was attacked for 33 hours and wrecking the fort as no one died but Andersons men surrendered .
 This was the beginning of the
Civil War.

 Key figures:
 Lincoln was focused on not letting KY,MI, & ML withdraw from the U.S.
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In Baltimore Lincoln imposed martial law
As though KY declared itself neutral Lincoln was still worried but promised to leave them alone as long as the confederacy did the same.
Many people in Missouri strongly sympathized with the confederacy and the convention voted against secession.

 As the war began to take its toll on the North and South both were in desperate need to find money.
 The North controlled the National Treasury, the Union could expect continued revenue from the tariffs. So they were in no need for money.
 Also many banks form the North had large reserves of money and were loaned to the government by purchasing bonds.

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Disagreements began between Democrats and
Republicans when civil rights were in question.
In the Summer of 1862, congress introduced a militia law that required states to use conscription-forcing people into military services
For the military law to be in forced President
Lincoln suspended the writs of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus refers to a persons right not to be in a trial

 Southerners were concerned that the North would win and withdrew gold and silver from the banks so the government could not buy bonds, and without gold and silver they would not be able to pay supplies to its troops.
 As a result, congress passed (The Legal Tender Act in
1862). With this act the government was allowed to issue paper money.
 After failed attempts to raise money the
Confederacy taxed its own people

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Many Southerners resented paying taxes and did not pay.
The Confederacy was forced to also print paper money to pay its bills. Which caused inflation in the
South. By the end of the war the south had 9,000% inflation, compared to the 80% form the North.

 In 1862 Jefferson Davis was elected president and faced many political problems. The Confederate Constitution emphasized state rights and limited ability for Davis to conduct war,
 Leaders of North Carolina and Georgia and Alexander
Stephens (Davis’s V.P) were outraged when he supported conscription.

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The United States did not want Europeans interfering in the war. It did not Europeans to view confederates as an independent country. Also for it to respect the Union’s navy blockade of the south.
 Confederates wanted them to act especially the British.
To act upon the Union blockade and declare it as illegal.
To pressure the British and French many southern planters refused to sell cotton until the
Europeans recognized the confederacy.

 The British were not willing to approve any of the Confederacy pleas because it did not want issues with the US.
 At one point Britain and the US did come close to war. The British were furious over interference with their ship at Havana, Cuba. Demanding the release of 2 Confederates.
 Lincoln then proceeded to release them.

 Troops would march toward the enemy, firing in massed volleys. Also, into tight columns and go on the offensive.
When close, they would attack with bayonets-long knives attached to the front of there guns.
 By 1850 French and American inventors had progressed in making a new rifle. Firing conical bullets were more accurate at much greater ranges.
 During the Civil War troops also used trenches and barricades to protect themselves.

Southern strategies:
 Jefferson (Confederate leader) decided to only fight battles that would not have heavy losses. Southern troops often went on the offensive, charging enemy lines and suffering substantial causalities.
 In the 6 battles they went on the offensive and they suffered 20,000 more causalities than the union.

 General Winfield Scott (leader of the union) introduced the Anaconda plan. It would control Mississippi with Union gunboats. Therefore, the South would run out of resources and surrender.
 Northerners disapproved saying it would be to slow. Scott believed that the only way to win a war was to fight it slow and right.

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Abraham Lincoln and David G. Farragut
Blockade Runnerssmall, fast vessels the South used to smuggle goods past the blockade, usually under cover of night.
Ironclads - iron plated ship built by covering the hull of a wooden ship with iron(1862)

 Ulysses S. Grant,
Braxton Braggs, William
S. Rosecrans and Don
Carlos Buell
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April 6 th 1862
Surprise attack on
Grant’s troops who were camped at a church named Shiloh

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2 nd Battle of Bull Run
George B. McClellan
South forced North to retreat
Confederate forces only 20 miles from Washington
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Antietam
Robert E. Lee invaded
Maryland
 Democrats gain control of congress in upcoming mid-term election

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A decree freeing all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1 st , 1863
Abraham Lincoln
(Republican)
Freed enslaved African-
Americans only in states at war with Union

• The south’s economy had begun to suffer from the war in 1862.
• Many farms converted from cotton to food crops.
• The South’s transportation system and the presence of Union troops in several important agricultural regions led to sever food shortages during the winter.
•The food shortages hurt Southern moral.
•Many Confederate soldiers deserted and returned home to help their families.
•In the spring of 1863, the shortages led to riots.
• Mobs of women armed with knives and guns marches into shops to seize food.
• Jefferson Davis confronted the mob with a company of militia troops and ordered the rioters to disperse.

• The North experienced an economic boom because of war.
• Industries supplied the troops at the front with clothes, munitions, and other necessities.
• Innovations in agriculture helped minimize the loss of labor as men left to fight.
• Mechanized reapers and mowers made faming possible with fewer workers.
• Many farmers were women.
• Women also filled labor shortages in various industries; clothing and shoemaking.
• New sewing machines greatly increased the productivity of seamstresses.
•The North produced an abundance of clothes for its soldiers.
•The industry profited from government contracts.

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African Americans were able to enlist in the Union Army and Navy on account of the
Emancipation Proclamation.
• Thousands of African American joined. Those of which included; Frederick Douglass’s two sons, Charles and Lewis.
• About 18,000 African Americans served in the Union army during the Civil War. Making up 9% of the army’s total soldiers.
• Another 10,000 to 15,000 served in the Union navy, making up 10 to 12% of their soldiers.
• The first African American regiments officially organized in the North was the 54 th
Massachusetts.
• The regiment fought valiantly at Fort Wagner near Charleston Harbor in July 1863, losing nearly half of its soldiers in the battle.

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Many Union and Confederate soldiers suffered many hardships during the battle.
• Southern soldiers had to sleep without blankets and walk the roads shoeless.
• Union soldiers only ate the cattle they killed by the way. Many meals consisted of hardtack, potatoes, and beans.
• Confederates had little coffee and their bread was usually made of cornmeal.
• Soldiers on both sides supplemented their diets with fruit or vegetables seized or purchased from farms they passed.

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Doctors struggled to tend to the wounded.
• Doctors had little understanding of infectious germs.
• They used the same unsterilized instruments on patient after patient.
• Infection spread quickly in the field hospitals.
• Disease was one of the greatest threats facing Civil War soldiers.
• Many regiments lost half their men to illness before going into battle.
• Battlefield physicians used extreme measures in treating casualties.
• Doctors often amputated arms and legs to prevent gangrene and other infections from spreading to other parts of the body.

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Women helped the war effort at home by managing family farms and businesses.
• Women made dramatic contributions to the Civil War by serving as army nurses to the wounded.
• 1861, The first female physician in the United States, Elizabeth Blackwell, started the nation’s first training program for nurses.
• United States Sanitary Commission is an organization that provided medical assistance and supplies to army camps and hospitals.
• Tons and thousands of women raised money to send bandages, medicine, clothing, and food to army camps.
• Key figures: Clara Barton, Florence Nightingale, Kate Cumming.
• The Civil War was a turning point for the nursing profession in the United States.
• The courage and energy shown by women also helped to break down the belief that women were weaker than men.

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May 1863
Grierson’s Raid
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1,700 troops on a Calvary raid.
600 miles in 2 weeks.
This distractions enabled Grant move his troops south of the city.
 Siege of Vicksburg
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Union troops were ordered to live off the country.
Captured the town of Jackson.
Marched 180 miles in 17 days.
Set city under siege until the defenders gave up.
July 4, 1863 the Confederates surrendered.

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December 13, 1862
Fredericksburg
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Burnside ordered a series of bloody assaults against Lee’s troops.
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 the union troops suffered more than 12,000 casualties.
Twice as many as the Confederates.
 Burnside was replaced by General Joseph Hooker.
May 2, 1863
Chancellorsville
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Lee’s troops attack Hooker’s troops in dense woods.
Lee’s forces repeatedly defeated the union troops.
 May 5, Hooker decided to retreat.

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June 1863
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Gettysburg
Marched to Pennsylvania, where his troops seized livestock, food, and clothing.
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July 1, 1863
Confederates pushed the union troops out of the town into the hills to the south.
Armies hurried to the scene.
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July 2, 1863
Lee orders 15,000 men to make a massive assault.
The attack came to be known as Pickett’s Charge.
Union lost 23,000 and the Confederates lost 28,000 casualties.

 November 1863
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Lincoln went to Gettysburg to dedicate a portion of the battlefield as military cemetery.
His speech became known as one of the best orations in American history.
“conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” A quote from the Gettysburg Address.
He said that the war was not a battle between regions but a fight for freedom.

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 20,000 men with their artillery, horses, and equipment arrived.
 Travelled 1,200 miles.
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Grant ordered 23,000 men to launch a limited attack against the Confederates.
They yelled “Chickamauga” as they charged up the steep slope, leaving the Confederacy surprised and they retreated.
 Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga was now in the hand of the Union Army.

 While Sheridan’s troops distracted Lee,
General Grant headed southeast, crossed the
James River, and then turned west toward
Petersburg. The troops did this because capturing Petersburg would cut the only rail line into Richmond.
 When the first Union troops were just reaching Petersburg, they stopped because they saw that the city was defended by miles of barricades.
 The fight that the Confederates put up scared the Union troops.
 Grant ordered his Union troops to put Petersburg under siege.

 Farragut prepared an attack on
Mobile Bay, while Sherman’s army pushed toward Atlanta.
 Sometime after this, Sherman sent his troops south around Atlanta to destroy the roads and railways leading into the city. The troops destroyed the rail lines by heating the rails and twisting them into snarls of steel.
 Confederate General John B. Hood evacuated Atlanta on September 1 st , to avoid being trapped in the city.

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Sherman proposed to march across
Georgia and quoted “The march would be a demonstration to the world… that we have a power that
Davis cannot resist.”
 Sherman ordered all civilians to leave Atlanta, then later ordered troops to destroy everything in the city of military value, including railroads, warehouses, mills, factories, and machine shops.
 On November 15 th , 1864 Sherman began his March to the Sea. His troops cut a path of destruction through Georgia that was in places
60 miles wide.

 Lee knew that time was running out, on April 1 st , 1865 Union troops were led to cut the last rail line into
Petersburg.
 The troops withdrew from their positions.
 When Sheridan’s army got ahead of
Lee’s troops and blocked the road at
Appomattox Courthouse, Lee’s attempts to escape Grant’s forces failed!
 Lee Surrendered – Last Battle of
Civil War.

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During Lincoln’s speech, one listener, John
Wilkes Booth, said to a friend, “That is the last speech he will ever make.” After hearing that, Lincoln was warned not to appear unescorted in public.
 On April 14, 1865, Lincoln went to Ford’s
Theater to see a play and during the 3 rd act,
Booth snuck behind Lincoln and shot the
President in the back of the head.
 Lincoln’s death shocked the nation and because of his death, he became the Union’s greatest champion.
 Tens of thousands of men, women, and children lined railroad tracks across the nation as Lincoln’s body was transported back to Springfield, Illinois.

 The endings of the war lasted about 1 year.
 Abraham Lincoln and General George McClellan were both candidates during the election of 1864.
 President Lincoln won the re-election with 55% of the popular vote.
President Abraham Lincoln General George McClellan

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One of the most controversial eras Started around 1860 it meant to rebuild after the war.
The South’s economy had collapsed and the agriculture system had become chaotic..
The Union was in full power
It experienced intercoastal democracy and turned on the status of former slaves.
IT ended around 1877

 President Lincoln began developing a plan for restoring a regular government for Tenn., Arkansas, and Louisiana.
 In 1863 he set fourth his plan in the proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction.
 Offered a pardon to all southerners who took on oath of loyalty to the U.S.
 A new state government. Could be organized when
10% of voters took the oath.

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Radicals were led by
Thaddeus Stevens of Penn.
And Senator Charles
Sumner of Mass.
They had three main goals.
1. To prevent leaders of the confed. from returning to power after the war.
 2. Wanted the
Republican Party to become a powerful institution in the south.
 3. Wanted to guarantee
African Americans the right to vote in the south.

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By summer of 1864, the moderates and radicals had came up w/ reconstruction plans that they both could support as to an alternative to
Lincoln and introduced as The Wade-
Davis Bill.
It required the majority of white men in a former confederate state to take an oath of allegiance to the union the state could then hold a constitutional convention.
Each state would have to abolish slavery, reject all debt they had acquired as part of the confed.
It soon passed but Lincoln blocked it with a veto to let the session of congress expire w/out signing the legislation.

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Refugee crisis prompted congress to establish the
Bureau of refugees, Freeman, and abounded Lands better known as the Freemen’s Bureau.
The Bureau was given the task of feeding and clothing the war refugees in the south using surplus army supplies.
Beginning in Sept. 1865 the
Bureau issued nearly 30,000 rations a day for the next to help former enslaved people find work on plantations.
Made a lasting and important contribution in the field of education and also help charities.

 In May 1865 he issued a Proclamation of
Amnesty, which offered pardon to all former citizens of the Confederacy who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and to return their property.
 On the same day he issued another proclamation for North Carolina as a model for how he wanted to restore the south to the
Union.

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The Black Codes were known as the laws for the
Southern states.
These laws severely limited the AfricanAmericans’ rights in the South.
The Black Codes varied from state to state, but they all intended to keep African- Americans in a conditional state similar to slavery. For example, they had annual labor contracts, and children had to accept apprenticeships in some states that allowed them to be whipped and beaten.
The Black Codes enraged many Southerners like the
Secretary of the NAVY, Gideon Wells,.

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In March 1886, in an effort to override the Black Codes the
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act.
It granted citizenship to all the persons born in the U.S., and it allowed African- Americans to own property and stated that they were to be treated equally in court. It also gave power to sue people who violated these rights.
Scared that they thought the Civil Rights Act might be overturned in court they introduced the 14 th Amendment to the
Constitution.
This Amendment declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without process of law, and declared that no state could deny any person protection of laws.

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In March 1867, the Republicans passed the Military
Reconstruction Act. Which divided the former
Confederacy except for Tennessee into 5 military districts.
A Union General was placed in charge of each district.
In the meantime, each former Confederate state had to hold another constitutional convention to design acceptable to Congress. The new state constitutions had to give the right to vote to all adult male citizens, regardless of their race.

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The Republicans knew they had the votes to override any veto of their policies, but they also knew that President Johnson could still interfere with any of their plans by refusing to enforce the laws that they passed.
Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton would agree with the laws the
Republicans would pass, along with Ulysses S. Grant.
To prevent the President from ruining all their plans, they passed the
Command of the Army Act and the Tenure of Office Act. All this really did was, it made everything the Presidential orders were to go through the headquarters of the general of the army (Grant). The other act required the Senate to approve the removal of any government officials, which me4ans that the Pres. Couldn’t get rid of their boy
Stanton.
President Johnson decided to challenge the Tenure of Office Act and fired Stanton, but Stanton barricaded himself in his office and refused to leave. Three days later the House of Representatives impeached
Johnson, they charged him with “ high crimes and misdemeanors.”
This is a situation when someone fights the system and the system winning!

 Tax placed on alcohol, and tobacco
 Helped pay off bonds issued during civil war
 Republican congress put sin taxes in place

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Originally started in Europe
The failure of Jay Cooke and company started the panic in the
U.S
The New York Stock Exchange closed for 10 days
Foreclosures occurred
Banks Failed
Business’ closed
The Blame was put on President Grant, and Congress

 Reconstruction ended when northern democrats took over congress
 They were to concerned with their own economic problems

 Rutherford B. Hayes, and Samuel Tilden
 Hayes won the election because 8
Republicans and 7 Democrats Voted and
Republicans won 8-7
 People believe he won because of a
“compromise”
 Method used to reach election win for Hayes resulting in promise to pull federal troops from south and reconstruction ending.

 All of the black people teamed up with white people to harvest crops
 Instead of being paid in cash, they received a share of the crop