Dimensions, Challenges, Existing Responses
(Jharkhand - Experience & Initiatives)

Definition of Trafficking
“Trafficking in persons” shall mean
• the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons,
• by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person,
• for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;
• The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons shall be irrelevant where any of the means above have been used;
• The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered “trafficking in persons” even if this does not involve any of the means set forth above.

Elements of Human Trafficking

• Domestic Maids
• Forced Marriages
• Brides bought - “Paros”
• Commercial Sexual Exploitation
• Prostitution
• Escort/Massage Services
• Child Labour
• Begging Rackets
• Organ Trade
• Adoption rackets
• In name of education and rehab ( Unregistered Homes/Madarsas)
• LWE/Terror Groups – Child Soldiers

• Most sinister part of trafficking
• Purpose - mostly CSE
• Jharkhand Tribal girls exploited for domestic labour in big cities
• Delhi itself has almost 300 so called agencies for such recruitments
• Conservative estimates - 3 lakh girls/women as domestic labour/maids in Delhi/NCR

• Many teenaged girls employed as domestic labour/ maids- subjected to sexual harassment/ exploitation.
• Cases mostly unreported/unregistered
• Most of the cases reported registered only after
• a media outcry or
• intervention of social workers/ NGOs.
• Few instances of law enforcement/govt agencies suo-moto registering complaints.

Rescue, Rehabilitation & Reintegration of Trafficked Girls/Women
PROBLEMS
Lack of clarity
Lack of coordination
Lack of an integrated approach
Sensitization level
Basic infrastructure
Lack of awareness
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• Arrested from Delhi for running Human Trafficking racket in/from Jharkhand
• Symptomatic of the problem in Jharkhand
• Owns multiple agencies
• Has recruited thousands of girls over the years
• Is upwardly mobile- in touch with politicians, corporators etc
• Pointer to an Eco-system of trafficking where legitimate and illegitimate merge almost imperceptibly
• Many such ‘Pannalals’ operating across Jharkhand – only scales of operations vary

• Poor children including hundreds of girls (some even
5 years old) moved from Godda district in Jharkhand to Kerala orphanages ostensibly for better education
• In the same district already more than 50 madarsas exist for minority children
• Children transferred after creating false documentsbirth and so called destitution certificates
• Aadhar card created at Kerala
• No guarantee of their ultimate fate

Lessons Learnt
Prevention Rescue Reintegration and
Protection from
Re-victimization
Source Demand

Supply Factors
• Abject poverty
• Social Mores - Child marriage, Single/widowed, and abandoned women not accepted in rural communities
• Female illiteracy and lack of access to education by girls
• Male unemployment and loss of family income puts pressure on women to earn
• Natural and manmade calamities and poor rehabilitation puts pressure on women and children to earn
• Dysfunctional families that have difficulty functioning and communicating, especially on emotive issues
• Desertion by one or the other parent, uncared/abandoned kids.
• Traditional practices give social legitimacy to trafficking. These include the Devadasi and Jogin traditions and traditional prostitution in some communities.

Demand Factors
• Nuclear Families - lowering of family support – live in maids.
• Increased Urbanization plus increasingly both spouses working.
• Declining sex ratio – demand for wives in NW States
“Paros”
• Rising male migration to urban areas and demand for commercial sex.
• Growth of tourism, which indirectly encourages sex tourism.

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NGOs & CIVIL SOCIETY
GROUPS
Social welfare
Labour Dept.
Education Dept.
Rural Dev. Dept.
Information &
Broadcasting
(PRD)


Coordination
Awareness


Regulation
Registration
 Enrollment


Employment
Skilling Schemes
 Awareness


Media
Plays etc

R
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C
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Police

Rescuing immediately

Speedy investigation

Protect from Prosecution
Prosecution  Legal help
Social welfare
Health Dept.



Coordination
Financial aspect
Transit homes/Shelter homes

Treatment

Counselling
NGO’s
Nodal officer for each dept.


Counselling
Liaision

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Education Dept.
Social Welfare
Labour &
Training dept.
NGO’s
 Enrollment



Shelter homes
Scholarships
Rehabilitation package
 Employment

Vocational Training


Reintegration
Social Ostracisation

CONVERGENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ESSENTIAL
• NGOs
• SOCIAL WELFARE
• POLICE
• SHELTER HOMES
• LABOUR DEPT
• EDUCATION
• RURAL DEVT.
• PROSECUTORS
• INFORMATION &
BROADCASTING

• AHTUs - 8 Anti - Human Trafficking Units set up in vulnerable Districts
• Training & Sensitization – Sustained Multi-stakeholder training
• Helpline nos. – Resource Centre Helpline, Child protection
Helpline numbers widely advertised
• Safe migration – Labour Deptt. registrations
• Awareness Generation – Campaign across the State
• Mahila Vikas Bal
• Panel of Counselors
• SOPs for all Deptts - Implemented on ground
• State Resource Centre – Representation of all Deptts
• Resource Centre in Delhi – Coordinate in Delhi/NCR
• State Executive Committee- Involvement of all stakeholders under leadership of Chief Secretary.
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GOVT. DEPTs (WELFARE)
- SOCIAL WELFARE
- TRIBAL WELFARE
- WOMEN & CHILD
- HEALTH
GOVT. DEPTs.
(REGULATORY AND ENFORCEMENT)
- POLICE
- LABOUR
STATE
COORDINATION
CENTRE
(RESOURCE & DATA HUB)
SPECIALISED
NGOs & CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS
GOVT. BODIES
- WOMEN’S COMMISSION
- CHILD RIGHTS COMMISSION