MILITARY
LEADERSHIP AND
COMMAND
MILITARY LEADERSHIP
- is the art of influencing and directing
men to an assigned goal in such way as to
obtain their obedience, confidence,
respect and loyal cooperation in order to
accomplish the mission.
LEADERSHIP
- is the art of inducing others to cooperate
towards achieving a common goal.
LEADER
- a person who influences and directs
others.
COMMANDER
- the person formally designated to direct
the activities of a unit of any size.
COMMAND
- is the authority of an individual to
impose his will lawfully upon subordinates
by virtue of his rank and assignment.
COMMAND CARRIES WITH IT
RESPONSIBILITY
- this means that the leader is held
answerable for all activities under his
command.
- since the success depends on the right
actions of a leader in the execution of
missions assigned to him and his unit, it is
therefore said that leadership is the proper
exercise of command.
RESPONSIBILITY
- refers to the obligation to perform duties
and functions and to bear the
consequences of activities under one’s
command.
BASIC
ELEMENTS OF
LEADERSHIP
INTELLIGENCE
- a leader must have the ability to
understand and deal with problems in a
given situation. In the military, the troop
leader has to make correct and decisive
actions because of the sensitive nature of
the organization.
CHARACTER
- to be a leader, a person must be of good
moral character. This indicated by her/his
own honesty, courage, good manners,
industry, bravery, hard work and selfcontrol.
ALERTNESS
- this prerequisite refers to the physical
and mental watchfulness and promptness
in countering threats and dangers and in
coping with emergencies.
MENTAL ALERTNESS means watchfulness,
vigilance and being observant of the
things around her/him. PHYSICAL
ALERTNESS refers to bodily movements
which should be fast, nimble and agile
with stealth.
SPECTRUM OF LEADERSHIP
A number of people often stated that
“Leaders are not made, they are born”.
Leaders are born with things developed
and recognized.
THE “INHERENT” LEADER
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The inherent leader is born with definite
traits and attributes of leadership. Such
people are “spotted” or “marked” at an
early age.
THE “ACCLAIMED” OR
“NOMINATED” LEADER
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This type of leader rises to the occasion,
crises or emergency that requires the
action of a leader. At times, though he
may not make any effort to display
leadership, his companions acclaim him to
be the leader. It is very often that he is
recognized by his group.
THE LEADER BY AUTHORITY

This is the designated leader, in that he
gets his mandate from a higher authority
and not necessarily from his peers.
2 TYPES OF A LEADER
AUTHORITARIAN
- Leads by his rank and
position. It is
recognized normally
by the dogmatic use
of authority or power.
PERSUASIVE
- Leads by consulting
his men and setting
the example.
LEADERSHIP TRAITS

These are human characteristics which
enable an individual to lead men and
these are personal qualities that are of
great value to the commander in gaining
the willing obedience, confidence, respect
and loyal cooperation of his men. These
can be developed by self-analysis and
practice.
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BEARING – the act of creating a favorable
impression in carriage, physical
appearance, dress and personal conduct
at all times.
COURAGE – the mental quality to act
calmly in times of danger and hardship.
DECISIVENESS – the ability to make
decisions promptly and express them ion
clear and forceful manner.
DEPENDABILITY – the ability to make
decisions promptly and express them in
clear and forceful manner.
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ENDURANCE – the physical and mental
stamina measured by the ability to
withstand pain, fatigue, stress and
hardship.
ENTHUSIASM – the display of sincere
interest and zeal in the performance of
duties.
FORCE – the ability to compel obedience
to her/his subordinates.
HUMILITY – the state of being reasonably
proud but not arrogant and boastful.
HUMOR – the ability to appreciate and
narrate amusing situations with bearing.
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INITIATIVE – the ability to start or
originate an idea or work even when
others are absent.
INTEGRITY – is the good moral character
of a leader that must be unquestioned.
JUDGEMENT – the ability to make quick
and wise decisions on valid facts.
JUSTICE – impartiality in dealing with
others in giving credits when due and
punishment when so demands.
KNOWLEDGE – understanding of the
characteristics of men.
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LOYALTY – the quality of sincerity and
faithfulness to superiors, subordinates,
your unit and country.
SYMPATHY – the mutual feeling for
others. The capacity of sharing the
feelings of those with whom one is
associated.
TACT – the ability to deal with situations
without hurting the feelings of others.
UNSELFISHNESS – the avoidance of
personal consideration that gives
disadvantage to others.
LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES

These are the fundamental guidelines for
the selection of appropriate actions and
orders in the proper exercise of command.
These are the rules, characteristics, traits
policies and techniques of leading men in
order to control and guide the actions of
his followers.
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KNOW YOUR JOB.
KNOW YOUR MEN AND LOOK OUT FOR
THEIR WELFARE.
KNOW YOURSELF AND SEEK SELF
IMPROVEMENT.
BE SURE THAT ORDERS ARE
UNDERSTOOD, SUPERVISED AND
ACCOMPLISHED.
KEEP YOUR MEN INFORMED.
SET AN EXAMPLE.
TRAIN YOUR MEN TO WORK AS A TEAM.
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SEEK RESPONSIBILITY AND DEVELOP A
SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY AMONG
SUBORDINATES.
MAKE SOUND AND TIMELY DECISIONS.
EMPLOY YOUR COMMAND IN
ACCORDANCE WITH ITS CAPABILITIES.
TAKE RESPONSIBILITIES FOR YOUR
ACTIONS.
LEADERSHIP TECHNIQUES

These are actions taken by a leader to
meet leadership problems, using
leadership principles as a guide in
selecting the techniques to be used. This
can be improved by observation and
experience.
EFFECTIVE UNIT

One which accomplishes with the
minimum expenditure of means and time,
any mission assigned or implied, for which
it has been organized, equipped and
trained.
LEADERSHIP ACTIONS AND
ORDERS
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Anything a leader does or says to enable
him to influence and direct his command.
FEAR
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It is a natural human emotion during
unusual circumstances especially in tome
of danger. Fear is the enemy of a
disciplined unit.
ROLES OF A LEADER
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With the absolute responsibility of a leader
for all things in his command, he is faced
with problems which require him to act in
different capacities, from being a member
of his unit to being the leader of his
subordinates.
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AS A MODEL SOLDIER – the subordinates
look upon their leader as a model for them
to emulate. The leader therefore should
set himself as the model soldier in his
organization. In personal appearance,
personal and official conduct, speech and
action, he should establish a standard
which his men will be proud to follow and
practice.
AS AN INSTRUCTOR – as a leader he is in
a better position to direct his subordinates
to neutralize any of these problems.
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AS A CUSTODIAN OF HIS MEN’S WELFARE
- the leader must also be concerned with
his men’s need that are essential to their
comfort and well-being, such as adequate
mess and supplies, good quarters,
recreation facilities, sanitation and
equitable passes.
AS A PERSONAL MANAGER - as the leader
of a unit, he sees to it that the component
of management under his command is in
place and functional. This means that
appropriate developmental training for
manpower is necessary to produce the
right man for the right post.
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AS A COMMANDER AND SUPERVISOR – in this role,
the leader must be a proficient troop leader. As a
commander, his primary functions are receiving
orders, making an estimate of situations,
formulating plans, issuing orders to his
subordinates and supervising the execution of his
orders. Supervision is important to assure the
leader that his orders are carried out by his
subordinates.
AS A COUNSELOR – an important duty of a leader
is to improve the moral or spiritual traits of his
men. To accomplish this, he must be a wise adviser
to them. He gives advice and guidance to those
who cannot solve their own problems.
OBJECTIVES OF A
LEADER/INDICATION OF
LEADERSHIP
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To have an organization which will loyally
and willingly accomplish any reasonable
task and will act in the absence of orders
is the object of every leader.
DISCIPLINE – It is the state of order and
obedience existing in a command.
 MORALE – The mental and emotional
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state of an individual.
 ESPRIT DE CORPS – The mental and
emotional state of a unit.
 EFFICIENCY – The ability to accomplish
successfully an assigned task in the
shortest possible time, with the minimum
expenditures of efforts and means.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A LEADER
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The responsibilities of a leader are two
folds – the accomplishment of his mission
and his obligation to his men. The manner
in which a leader fulfills his responsibilities
is the measure of his success. A leader
must know his job and must train and
supervise his subordinates in their work.
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ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE MISSION –
composed of training, combat and assignment.
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TRAINING – A military leader must attend closely to
the training of his men especially in preparing them
in battle, in which they may lose their lives. Proper
training gives the soldier high moral and great
confidence in beating his opponent.
COMBAT – Success in battle depends mainly on the
individual and team action of a unit. It is where
soldiery has its supreme test, requiring the best
training, discipline, morale and leadership.
ASSIGNMENT – The leader must be fair, impartial
and just in the administration of his unit. The men
must be assigned according to their ranks and
fitness for a job.
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WELFARE OF HIS MEN – the leader’s duty to
his men includes administrative actions that will
maintain or boost their morale and improve
their living condition, providing good mess and
adequate supplies, enough recreation, healthful
quarters and surroundings, good advice, passes
and other things essential to their welfare.
PROBLEM AREAS
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Assumption of command
Selection of subordinate leaders
Development of subordinate leaders
Senior-subordinate leaders
Counseling
Reception and integration
Relation with local civilians
LEADERSHIP PROBLEM SOLVING
PROCESS
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Recognize the problem
Make an estimate of the situation
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Determine the cause
Determine possible solution
Evaluate possible solution
Select the best solution
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Take action
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FACTORS THAT ADVERSELY
AFFECT COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS
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Fear
Panic
Discouragement
Lack of confidence by the individual
himself
THE CHAIN OF COMMAND IN THE
ARMED FORCES OF THE
PHILIPPINES
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President of the Philippines and
Commander-in-Chief
Secretary of National Defense
Chief of Staff, AFP
Army/Air force/Navy Commanders
Corps/Division Cmdrs./Unified Cmdrs.
Regimental/Brigade
Battalion Commander
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Company Commander
Platoon Commander
Squad Leader
Private