CHEN 313: Materials Science and
Engineering
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials S&T
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
Class Notes adapted/prepared by Jorge Seminario (TAMU)
Chapter 1- a
Required text
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering:
An Integrated Approach
3rd Edition
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D. G.
Rethwisch
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2007).
Both book and accompanying CDROM are useful.
Chapter 1-
GRADING
Homework, quizzes, (INDIVIDUAL)
15%
Special assignments (GROUPS)
10%
exam # 1
15%
exam #2
15%
exam #3
15%
final
30%
Chapter 1- g
Special Assignment
1) Check 2010-2011 Issues of Nature &
Science; find the best topic you like
2) Propose and justify a topic February 7
3) Instructor will decide topics on Feb 11
4) First Draft due on February 28
5) Second Draft due on March 21
6) Final version due on April 22
Chapter 1-
1.1 Historical Perspective
• Early Civilivations
– Bronze Age, Iron Age, Stone Age
– Materials were naturally occuring
Chapter 1-
Historical Perspective (Cont’d)
• Modern Era
– Understand structure and properties
– New materials have evolved
• Ex. Plastics, Glasses, Fibers
Chapter 1-
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering
• Structure
– Atomistic – Atoms, small
molecules ~ 1 Å
– Nanoscopic – molecules,
clusters, ~1 nm
– Microscopic – Large groups
of atoms agglomerated
– Macroscopic – can be viewed
by the “naked eye”
Chapter 1-
Materials Science and Engineering
Property
Example (Physics)
Example
Properties
Mechanical
Rate of material deformation to an
applied load
Elastic modulus
Electrical
Response of material to an applied
electrical field
Electrical
conductivity
Thermal
Material expansion/contraction with
change in temperature
Heat capacity,
thermal
conductivity
Magnetic
Response of a material to an applied
magnetic field
Magnetic
susceptibility
Optical
Response of material to
electromagnetic radiation
Refractive index
Deteriorative/
Chemical
Rate of decomposition of material
(often in presence of acid, etc.)
Corrosion rate
Chapter 1-
1.3 Why do we study materials?
• Many engineering fields deal with a design
problem involving materials sooner or later
• For example: transmission gears,
superstructure of a building, oil refinery
component, electronics, medicine, etc.
• However, the problem is selecting the right
material from the thousands out there.
Chapter 1-
Material criteria
• Many selecting criteria affect final decision:
– In-service conditions
– Deterioration
– Finished product cost
Chapter 1-
In-service conditions
• dictates the material required
properties
• Rarely a material possess the
maximum or ideal combination of
properties
• Sacrificing one characteristic for
another might be necessary
• i.e., strength vs. ductility: the
stronger a material the less ductile
(malleable)
Chapter 1-
Deterioration
• Can occur during service operation
• Mechanical strength might be lowered by:
1. Exposure to elevated temperatures
2. Exposure to corrosive environments
Chapter 1http://majarimagazine.com/2009/01/corrosion-in-material-of-construction/
Finished product cost
• You could have perfect material, but too costly
• Again, some compromise or sacrifice must be made
• Cost of finished piece includes fabrication cost
Chapter 1-
Materials Criteria
• As an engineer, must familiarize yourself
with these criteria
• Also be comfortable with processing
techniques
• In conclusion, the more proficient, the more
confident you will be in making judgment
based on these criteria
Chapter 1-
Chapter 1-
Groups for the Special Assigment
Name
Al Dagher, Ameer
Bond, Jervon
Bowen, Scott
Bowser, Daniel
Costello, Matthew
Drew, Matthew
Graf, David
Heitzman, Corey
Huffman, Jacob
Keller, Austin
Largent, Jessica
Mc Dowell, Michael
Moore, Ryan
Muko, Cristina
Nelson, Randall
G
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
Name
G
Paulo, Carla
6
Postolowski, Michael 6
Raja, Fatima Ahmed
6
Russell, Lindsay
7
Schaaf, Andrew
7
Seo, Jung Yeon
7
Smith, Dylan
8
Southwick, Edward
8
Stout, Andrew
8
Trull, Amber
9
Van Dyke, Robert
9
Van Laer, Maxime
9
Vu, John
10
Wilson, Katelyn
10
Zamora, Briana Chapter 1-10
1.4 – Classification of Materials
Chapter 1-
Three Basic Material Classes
– Metals
– Ceramics
– Polymers
– Classifications are based on:
• Chemical Makeup
• Atomic Structure
– Additional Material Classes:
• Composites
• Advanced Materials
Chapter 1-
Metals
• Composed primarily of metallic elements
–
–
–
–
Possible nonmetallic species present
Orderly atomic arrangement
High density
High mechanical strength
• Very Stiff & Strong
• High Ductility
• High Fracture Resistance
– High electrical & thermal conductivity
– Typically magnetic
Chapter 1-
Ceramics
• Compounds of metallic and nonmetallic
elements
– Commonly oxides, nitrides & carbides
– Mechanical strength comparable to metals
• High stiffness & strength
• Extremely low ductility
• High fracture susceptibility
– Low electrical & thermal conductivity
– Optically variant
• May be transparent, translucent or opaque
– Some ceramics may be magnetic
Chapter 1-
Ceramic membrane:
Ultrafiltration
Ceramic Membrane Elements
Ceramic membrane filter is widely used for
filtration in industrial areas of food , beverage,
pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical and
environment-protecting
Chapter 1-
Polymers
• Organic plastic & rubber compounds
–
–
–
–
Large molecular structures based on hydrocarbon chains
Frequent presence of oxygen, nitrogen and silicon
Low density
Unique mechanical properties
• Lower stiffness & strength compared to metals & ceramics
• Extremely high ductility & pliability
– High degree of chemical inertness
• Unreactive in a large range of environments
• May decompose at temperature
– Low electrical and thermal conductivity
– Nonmetallic
Chapter 1-
shape-memory polymer
clinical applications
Xu J , Song J PNAS 2010;107:7652-7657
Chapter 1-
Composites
• A material composed of materials from
two or more classes
– Engineered to achieve a combination of properties not
present in one single material
– Fiberglass is a classic example of a composite material
• Glass fibers are embedded within an epoxy or polyester
substrate
• Glass fibers cause the material to be strong & stiff
• Polymer base provides ductility & flexible
– Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) are a
second example of composite materials
• Carbon fibers are embedded in a polymer base
• Stronger & stiffer than fiberglass, but far more expensive
Chapter 1-
Relative Material Density Ranges
Chapter 1-
Relative Material Elastic Modulus Ranges
Chapter 1-
Relative Material Tensile Strength Ranges
Chapter 1-
Relative Material Electrical Conductivity
Ranges
Chapter 1-
1.5 Advanced Materials
Advanced materials are
typically utilized in high-tech
applications and are typically
traditional materials whose
properties have been enhanced
as well as newly developed,
high performance materials.
Advanced materials include:
semiconductors, biomaterials,
‘materials of the future,’ which
include materials used in lasers,
integrated circuits, magnetic
storage, LCD’s, and fiber optics.
Chapter 1-
Semiconductors
• Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the
electrical conductors (metals and alloys) and insulators (ceramics and
polymers).
• The electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to
the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms which may be
controlled over very small regions.
• Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that
has revolutionized electronics and the computer industry.
Chapter 1-
Biomaterials
• Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the
human body for replacement of diseased/damaged body parts
• These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues.
• Metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors
may all be used as bio materials.
Chapter 1-
Smart Materials
• Smart materials are new, stateof-the-art materials for new
technologies.
• The “smart” implies that these
materials are able to sense
changes in their environments
and then respond to these
changes in predetermined
manners.
• Components of a smart
material include a type of
sensor (that detects input) and
an actuator (that performs a
responsive and adaptive
function).
Chapter 1-
Four common Smart Materials:
• Shape-memory – metals that,
after being deformed, revert
back to their original shape
with a temperature change.
• Piezoelectric ceramics –
expand and contract in
response to applied electric
fields. They also generate an
electric field when deformed.
•Magnetostrictive – similar to piezoelectric
except for magnetic fields.
•Electrorheological fluids – liquids that
experience dramatic changes in viscosity
upon application of electric fields.
Magnetorheological fluids also exist.
Chapter 1-
Nanoengineered Materials
• The ability to carefully arrange atoms from the bottom up
allows for the opportunity to develop mechanical, electrical,
magnetic, and other properties into materials that are otherwise
not possible.
• The ‘Nano’ prefix denotes that the dimensions of these entities
is on the order of a nanometer, or 10-9 meters.
• This is the inside of a carbon nanotube.
Chapter 1-
1.6 Modern materials’ needs
• Although nuclear energy is promising, reliance
on materials will continue
• From fuels, to containment structures, to
facilities where radioactive waste is disposed
• Transportation requires a lot of energy
• Materials of high strength low density will
reduce weight and enhance machine efficiency
http://energymats.lboro.ac.uk/
Chapter 1-
Modern materials’ needs
• Economical sources of energy are in need
• Materials will have significant role in this
• i.e. solar cells = convert solar energy into
electrical energy but materials are expensive
• These must be replaced with high efficient,
low cost materials
http://www.solarnavigator.net/solar_panels.htm
Chapter 1-
Modern materials’ needs
• Hydrogen fuel cell very feasible and attractive
• Holds promise in the car industry as a power
source
• However, before this is made efficient, better
materials must be engineered
Chapter 1-
Modern materials’ needs
• Producing new materials is great, but must
be observed carefully
• New materials could be great, but the
pollution or waste produced during process
needs to be considered
• Also, less pollution and spoilage due to less
mining of raw materials.
Chapter 1-
Modern materials’ needs
• Many materials used are from nonrenewable sources
• i.e. oil and some metals
• Materials are being depleted steadily which
is cause for:
– Need of discovery of additional reserves
– Development of similar materials with less
adverse environmental impact
– Increase recycling efforts
Chapter 1-
Modern materials’ needs
• Challenges still remain even though large
technological advances have been made
• For example, the development of even more
sophisticated and specialized materials
• Also the environmental impact of material
production
• In conclusion, development is only good if
all factors are considered
• Best judgment made based on factors
Chapter 1-
The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application
Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties
Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.
3. Material
Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
Chapter 1- 3
SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.
• Understand the relation between properties,
structure, and processing.
• Recognize new design opportunities offered
by materials selection.
Chapter 1- 9