Wind Energy System
By: Andy Brown, Basheer Qattum & Ali Gokal
Advisors: Dr. Na & Dr. Huggins
Outline
Introduction
Hardware
Software
Results
Future Steps
History of Wind Energy Utilization
ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER
 Wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured







efficiently
Wind does not cause green house gases or other pollutants
Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a
small plot of land
Excellent source for remote areas not connected to a grid
Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and
third world
Available in a range of sizes meaning a vast range of people
and businesses can use them
Environmentally Friendly
Economically Competitive
Goals
 Output maximum power despite fluctuating wind conditions.
 Utilize power electronics to perform conversions
 Successfully implement a DSP board to have a greater degree
of control over our system to harness optimal energy
 To create a system that is applicable with real world industry
Functional Requirements (Hardware)
• Shall be able to produce .75 kilowatt but
not more then 5 kilowatts
• Shall be able to convert wind power to
single phase AC power
• Must be able to maximize wind power
conversion
Wind-Electric Systems
 Induction Generators, Directly Connected to the Grid
 Doubly-Fed, Wound Rotor Induction Generators
 Power Electronics Connected Generator
Top Level Diagram
Functional Description
Sub Systems
•Generator
•Diode Rectifier
•Boost Converters
•Inverter
Brushless DC Motor
Due to complications with size and Lab
requirements, PMSG still.
Max Current
5.4
A
Max Speed
3600
RPM
Max Voltage
160
V
Max Power
750
W
Brushless DC Motor
Frequency
5
20
40
60
80
100
120
RPM
150
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
3600
3-phase-to-neutral
2.4
19.5
40.5
61
82
87
104
ɳ=(120*f)/(poles)
Brushless DC Motor
Three-Phase Diode Rectifier
Output of DC generator after 3phase diode rectifier w/1.5mF Cap
Max Peak Voltage 1600V
Max Peak Current 300A
Max Current
25A
Max Voltage
600V
V = I*R
P = I*V
Vo=(1.35Vin – VDiode)
ɳ=(120*f)/(poles)
Value of capacitor to ensure clear signal
C=(Vp/2*f*Vr) =534μF
Therefore we used 1.5mF
Three-Phase Diode Rectifier
VINRMS
VOUT
SIMULATION
VOUT
THEORICIAL
PERCENT
ERROR
10
14.1
13.5
4.44
20
28.5
27
5.56
40
56.5
54
4.63
60
84.5
87
4.2
80
113
108
4.07
120
169.5
162
4.63
Vin = 64.0 V
Vo = 84.0 V
Io = 961 mA
Speed = 3000 RPM
R = 88Ω
P = 80.72W
Three-Phase Diode Rectifier
Output of DC generator after 3phase diode rectifier w/o Cap
Current
DC Voltage
Vo = 85.0 V
Io = 964 mA
Speed = 3000 RPM
Three-Phase Diode Rectifier
Output of DC generator after 3phase diode rectifier w/1.5mF Cap
DC Voltage
3φ Voltage
Vin = 64.0 V
Vo = 84.0 V
Io = 961 mA
Speed = 3000 RPM
Interleaved Boost Converter
Boost Converter
V Input
Duty-Cycle
Freq
Vout-exp
Vout-actual
5
20%
30000
6.25
7.5
5
40%
30000
8.33
9.01
5
60%
30000
12.5
12.5
5
80%
30000
25.0
24.25
Vo=Vin/(1-D), or for more accurate values,
Vo= {[(VIn-VIGBT*D)/(1-D)] – VDiode}
IGBT:
Switching Freq up to 300kHz
Max voltage at 600V
Max current at 60A
Boost Converter
Gate Driver
Most time consuming part of Boost converter
Gate Driver
• Gate to emitter (pulse) ±30V
• Gate to emitter (cont)
• Max Gate Current
±20V
±250uA
+18V
• Gate driver output
• 120/14 VAC-RMS  17.89VDC
• Output up too 600V
• Current up to 2A
• Shutdown mode for protection
Gate Driver
Software
Functional Description
DSP Board - TI TMS320F2812
 PWM Generation
 16-Bit
 16 PWM outputs
 0 V – 3.3 V
 ADC
 12-Bit
 Analog Input: 0 V - 3 V
Controller Implementation Process
SIMULINK
DSP
CODE COMPOSER
Testing Circuit
Single Channel Boost Converter
Simulation
Open-Loop Controller
Testing Circuit
Open Loop Controller
Testing Hardware
Output Results
Duty Cycle Vo (scope) Vo (DSP)
20%
6.0 V
5.2 V
30%
6.8 V
5.9 V
40%
7.5 V
6.9 V
50%
8.8 V
8.1 V
60% 10.4 V
9.7 V
70% 12.9 V
12.4 V
80% 16.7 V
16.2 V
Testing Hardware
Output
• Duty Cycle: 20%
• Input Voltage: 5.00 V
• Output Voltage: 6.00 V
Voltage Controller Simulation
~
i
(s) V
kps+
ki
o
L
G
(s)
=
=
~ (s)
ps
G
(s)
=
i
sL
d
(s) d
s
G
G
=
1
ps(s)
i(s)
Voltage Controller
Voltage Controller
Output
Voltage-Current Controller
Simulation
Voltage-Current Controller
Boost Converter Controller VS.
Interleaved Boost Controller
Interleaved Boost Converter
Open-Loop Controller
Interleaved Boost Converter
Open-Loop Controller
Interleaved Boost Converter
Open-Loop Controller
Output
Single Phase Inverter Controller
 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
Unipolar PWM
Vout = Vd
When T1,T4 is ON
Vout=-Vd
When T2,T3 is ON
Vout=0
When T1,T3 or T2,T4 is ON
Unipolar PWM
LC Filter
Magnitude Bode Plot for Second-Order LC Filter
LC Filter
• Chose L = .125mH
• Yields C = 240uF
Inverter Controller Simulation
Inverter Controller Simulation
Interver Unipolar PWM
Controller
Inverter SPWM - Output
Future Work - Controller
 Closed-Loop Voltage and Current Controller for Two-
Channel Interleaved Boost Converter
 Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller
 Single-Phase Inverter Controller with Unity Power
Factor Correction
Interleaved Boost Converter
Voltage-Current Controller
 Same Controller as designed
 Need to output two PWM signal
 The second PWM signal has to been delayed by half the
period
Interleaved Boost Converter
Simulation
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
MPPT
 Perturbation and Observation Method (P&O)
 MPPT algorithm adjusts duty cycle to achieve
MPPT – System Diagram
MPPT - Flowchart
MPPT
Current Controller Design
amplitude response in dB
G
(s)

G
(s)
=
1
ps
i
100
50
0
-50
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
phase response in degree
-89
degree
-89.5
-90
-90.5
-91
1
10
2
10
3
10
frequency in Hz
4
10
5
10
~
i
(s) V
o
L
G
(s)
=
=
~ (s)
ps
d
(s) sL
d
kps+ki
G
=
i(s)
s
Single-Phase Inverter Controller with Unity
Power Factor Correction
System Diagram