TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
STI Indicators of Turkey
Devrim YAĞAN
ECO - UIS Regional Workshop on STI Indicators
Tehran
8-10 December 2013
13.04.2015
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
Content
•
STI Policy
•
STI Indicators
•
Overview
•
Research and Development Activities Survey
•
Overview
•
Coverage and data collection
•
Measurement
• Results
•
GBAORD
•
Innovation Survey
•
Overview
• Coverage and data collection
•
Results
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
STI Policy
The Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST)
National Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy (2011-2016)
Aims to strengthen national R&D and innovation capacities in order to
upgrade the industrial structure towards high-technology industries.
TurkStat
Responsible institution to produce R&D, innovation and other related
statistics to meet the needs of SCST.
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STI Indicators - Overview
TurkStat conduct following STI surveys:
Research and
Development
Activities Survey
GBAORD
Innovation
Survey
Data available
from 1990
Data available
from 2008
Data available
from 1997
Annually
Annually
Every two years
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STI Indicators - Methodological Base
 Frascati Manual as the main methodological source for
R&D statistics (GERD and GBAORD).
 Oslo Manual as the main methodological source and
conduct innovation surveys in line with Community
Innovation Survey (CIS) of Eurostat.
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Research and Development Activities Survey – GERD
Coverage
The survey covers three national sectors:
• Business Enterprises
• Government Sector
• Higher Education Sector
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GERD - Coverage
Business Enterprises Sector
All enterprises that are known to perform R&D or to be potential R&D performers are
covered:
•Enterprises which are known as R&D performers from previous R&D surveys and
from the Structural Business Survey (20+ census, <20 sample),
•Enterprises supported directly by Government Institutions like TUBITAK, Technology
Development Foundation of Turkey, Small and Medium Industry Development
Organization (KOSGEB) etc.
•Enterprises supported indirectly via tax incentives or R&D deductions under the Law
on Supporting Research and Development, no.5746
•Enterprises in Technology Development Zones and Technoparks,
•Top 500 enterprises in industry and services sector separately by turnover and value
added.
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GERD - Coverage
Government Sector
All governmental institutions include:
Central government:
•Public administrations within the scope of general budget
•Special Budget administrations (exclude universities and high technology institutes)
•Regulatory and supervisory agencies
Local administrations:
•Municipalities
Higher Education Sector
All public and private universities and high technology institutions
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
GERD – Data collection
Business
enterprises
• Face-to-face interview
• Paper and web based questionnaire
Government
• Postal survey
• Paper based questionnaire
Higher education
• Administrative sources and face-toface interview
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GERD – Administrative Data Sources
•Academic personnel database – Higher Education Council
•State universities’ budget data – Ministry of Finance
•State universities’ own funds data – Ministry of Finance
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GERD – Classifications used
•Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community, Revision 2
(NACE Rev.2)
•The Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparison of Scientific Programmes and
Budgets (NABS)
•International Standard Classification of Occupations, ISCO
•Fields of Science and Technology (FOS-2007)
•International Standard Classification of Education, ISCED
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GERD – Measurement
Business Enterprises Sector – Data collection process
To interviewers
• Preparing
questionnaire
• Training
• Web-based user
interface
Manuals
Other documents
With edit rules
List of enterprises from
different sources
• Testing data
entry program
• Frame
Create user ID and
passwords
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GERD – Measurement
Business Enterprises Sector – Data collection process
• Data collection
For paper based
questionnaires by regional
offices
• Data analysis
• Data entry
Paper based
Web
SAS
SPSS Modeler
Government Sector
Data are collected via postal survey by TurkStat directly from governmental bodies based on their
registers and / or estimations of experts employed in.
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GERD – Measurement
Higher Education Sector
R&D
Expenditure
Public
Universities
Private Universities
Budget
Own funds
Own funds and funds from
other units
Analytical budget
classification
R&D coefficients
Survey results
To estimate shares of
R&D
Based on estimates by the
heads of university
departments
Using functional
codes to identify
R&D
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GERD – Measurement
Higher Education Sector
Academic Personnel
Database
From one public
university
Time-use survey results
(FTE)
Gross earnings
Number of R&D
personnel (HC and FTE)
From all private
universities
FTE x gross earnings
R&D shares of own funds
(public universities)
Personnel R&D
expenditures
R&D shares of personnel
expenditure funded by other
units
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GERD – Dissemination
The results of the survey are published as a news release on TurkStat’s web site annually.
TurkStat publishes following indicators:
•Expenditure on R&D
by sector of performance,
by type of cost,
by source of funds,
by economic activities (only for business enterprises sector),
by Socio-Economic Objectives-NABS (only for government sector),
by fields of sciences (only for higher education sector),
by Classification of Statistical Regions (SR) Level-1,
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GERD – Dissemination
•R&D personnel
by sector of performance,
by occupation,
by qualification.
Accessing micro data:
TurkStat also provides access and usage facility for the micro data of Business Enterprises
Sector R&D and researches in accordance with the legal legislation based on the national
and international researchers demand.
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Results
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Results
GERD as a percentage of GDP
2011
2001
%
5
4.03
4
3
2.37
2
1
1.94
0.86
0
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Results
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Results
2
2001
3
%
4
Business enterprise expenditure on R&D, 2001 and 2011
As a percentage of GDP
3.09
2.66
2.61
2.09
1.94
1
2011
2.34
1.89
1.59
1.42
1.40
1.20
1.09
0.89
0.70
0.68
0.67
0.17
0.37
Mexico
Poland
Turkey
Russian Federation
Italy
Spain
Canada
United Kingdom
EU28
China
France
OECD
United States
Germany
Denmark
Sweden
Japan
Finland
Korea
0
0.23
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Results
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Results
Direct government funding of business R&D, 2001 and 2011 (or latest year)
As a percentage of R&D performed in the business sector
%
2011
2001
40
49.04 % (2001)
58.67 % (2011)
30
20
16.59
13.84
10
9.74
8.91
8.61
8.58
8.51
7.17
6.06
5.89
4.46
4.38
4.33
3.93
2.85
1.08
0
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1.05
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
Results
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Results
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
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South Africa
China
Turkey
Poland
Italy
EU28
United Kingdom
Spain
Russian
Federation
Ireland
Canada
Germany
Japan
Norway
France
Korea
Sweden
Denmark
Finland
0
4
8
12
2011 or latest
2011available year
Researchers,
closest available
2001
2011 year
Other
R&Dorpersonnel,
Total R&D personnel, 2001
16
20
R&D personnel, 2001 and 2011
per thousand employment
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‰
24
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Results
TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
Results
%
Researchers by sector of employment, 2011 (or latest year)
As a percentage of total researchers, FTE
Business enterprise
Government
Higher education
Private non-profit
Share of business enterprise in total R&D expenditures
100
80
60
40
20
0
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GBAORD
Objective and Coverage
GBAORD is an alternative way to evaluate the role of government’s R&D activities. In other
words, this method aims to measure R&D activities financed by government.
GBAORD covers not only government-financed R&D performed in government
establishments but also government-financed R&D in the other three national sectors
(business enterprise, private non-profit, higher education) as well as abroad (including
international organizations).
GBAORD method is based on measuring or estimating Government’s appropriations or
outlays on R&D in related period by using budget data.
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GBAORD
Objective and Coverage
This method covers following activities:
• R&D activities realized in government institutions and financed by
government,
• R&D activities realized in business sector, private non-profit sector and
higher education and financed by government,
• R&D activities realized in abroad and financed by government.
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
GBAORD
Objective and Coverage
The central government institutions / organizations covered,
• Public administrations within the scope of general budget,
• Special Budget administrations (include universities and high technology
institutes),
• Regulatory and supervisory agencies.
Local governments and State-Owned Enterprises are excluded.
Additionally, The Defence Industry Support Fund is also covered.
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
GBAORD
Data collection
GBAORD is based on mainly budget analysis. Therefore, main data source of this study is
central government budget data.
Data are collected twice in a year:
•The provisional data is based on initial budget appropriations in the Budget Law. This
calculation made on the basis of the initial budget appropriations is called "Estimated
Results".
•The final data is based on actual outlays. This calculation is called "Final Results".
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Results
(*) Provisional
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Results
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Innovation Survey
Overview
Innovation statistics is conducted by a questionnaire called “Community Innovation Survey
(CIS)”.
It is a harmonized survey designed to provide information on;
• the innovativeness of sectors by type of enterprises,
•different types of innovation,
•various aspects of the development of an innovation.
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Innovation Survey
Overview
Up to now Turkey has conducted seven CIS in comply with Oslo Manual:
•CIS-2, 1997-1998, launched in 1999
•CIS-3, 1998-2000, launched in 2000
•CIS-4, 2002-2004, launched in 2004 ( As from 2004, survey has been carried out
every two years )
•CIS-2006, 2004-2006, launched in 2007
•CIS-2008, 2006-2008, launched in 2009
•CIS-2010, 2008-2010, launched in 2011
•CIS-2012, 2010-2012, launched in 2013
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Innovation Survey
Coverage
Three size classes are used for CIS in Turkey:
•10-49,
•50-249
•250+
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
Innovation Survey
Coverage
The core coverage according to NACE Rev 2. for the latest survey conducted in 2013 is as
follows:
•Mining and quarrying (NACE B: 05-09)
•Manufacturing (NACE C: 10-33)
•Electricity, gas steam and air conditioning supply(NACE D: 35)
•Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities (NACE E: 36-39)
•Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles (NACE 46)
•Transportation and storage (NACE H: 49-53)
•Information and communication (NACE J: 58-63)
•Financial and insurance activities (NACE K: 64-66)
•Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis (NACE 71)
•Scientific research and development (NACE 72)
•Advertising and market research (NACE 73)
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
Innovation Survey
Data collection and classifications
Data is collected by Regional Offices with the help of special web-based program designed
by TurkStat. Authorized personnel of enterprises fill the web-based questionnaire with a
provided password.
Enterprises are classified by country, economic activity (NACE Rev 2), size class and type
of innovation activity.
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Innovation Survey
Sampling
Stratified random sampling is used according to the economic activities (in accordance with
NACE Rev.2) and size classes.
Weighting method is applied to obtain parameters from the data set resulting from sampling
so as to represent the universe. These parameters include design weights, adjustments for
non-response, external distribution checks and ultimate multiplying factor.
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
Innovation Survey
Dissemination
The results of the survey are published as a news release on TurkStat’s web site.
With this news release, TurkStat publishes following indicators:
Enterprises with innovation activities
•by size class,
•by sector,
•by type of innovation.
TurkStat also provides access and usage facility for the micro data based on the
national and international researchers demand
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Results
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Results
Enterprises with innovation activities , 2008-10
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Results
Product innovation, by R&D status, 2008-10
%
Non R&D-active product innovators
R&D-active product innovators
Product innovators (as % of all R&D-active firms)
Product innovators (as % of all non R&D-active firms)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
Results
Innovation types by firm size, 2008-2010
As a percentage of all SMEs and large firms
Product or process innovation only
Product or process & marketing or organisational innovation
SMEs
Marketing or organisational innovation only
Large firms
South Africa (2005-07)
Germany
Brazil (2006-08)
Austria
Ireland
Netherlands
Sweden
France
Italy
Finland
Spain
Czech Republic
Turkey
Poland
Japan (2009-11)
United Kingdom
Chile (2009-10)
Russian Federation (2009-11)
100
75
50
25
0
25
50
75
%
100
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TURKISH STATISTICAL INSTITUTE
Thank you!
devrim.yagan@tuik.gov.tr
13.04.2015