Enhancing China’s Sustainable
Growth and Prosperity: a Pathway to
Cleaner Coal
Hengwei LIU, PhD
Energy, Climate, and Innovation (ECI) Program
The Fletcher School, Tufts University
Presentation to the China Environment Forum @ Woodrow Wilson International Center
for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 12 January 2011
Agenda
• Explore major CCS opportunities
• Identify key technologies enabling CCS development
• Propose a US-China partnership on CCS
HengweiLiu, Kelly Sims Gallagher. Catalyzing strategic transformation to a low-carbon
economy: A CCS roadmap for China. Energy Policy38(2010)59–74.
CO2 emissions by sector in China
7%
9%
8%
7%
6%
8%
Iron & steel
Industry
28% 9%
7%
6%
11%
Power
(Cement)
(Ammonia &
Methanol)
Power
7% 4%
10%
49%
Total： 5100 Mt
Industry
28%
Industry
8%
6%
21%
4%
Total: 11448 Mt (Reference Scenario)
10%
49%
2005
Power generation
Other*
Chemicals and petrochemicals
54%
Transport
Iron and steel
Other**
2030
Residential and services
Non-metallic minerals
Power generation and industry account for more than 70% of China’s
Total： 5100 Mt (2005)
total energy-related CO2 emissions
Data source: WEO2007
Prime candidates for CCS in China
Power
Iron and steel
Today: more than 80% coal
electricity
Cement
Ammonia & Methanol
Data source: NBS
CCS and its enabling technologies: a twin-pronged approach
to promote the CCS deployment
Manufacturing process & energy
conversion process
CCS enabling
technologies
+
CCS
Summary of CCS enabling technologies
SC/USC
Power
Polygeneration (IGCC)
IGCC/Co-production
Leading technology
Polygeneration based on
Oxygen Blast furnace
Iron&Steel
Polygeneration based on
Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on
Direct Reduction
Ammonia
&Methanol
Coal gasification
Cement
Oxy-fuel combustion in
cement kiln
Coal gasification
Coal power generation: IGCC &SC/USC
•IGCC: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
n
io
t
n)
a
o
r
i
t
g
a
te
c
n
i
i
sif
m
•SC / USC: Supercritical / Ultra-supercritical
st
y
S
e
s
a
g
n
Sy
IGCC
Precombu
a
(G
Postcombu
Coal
Pulverized coal (Combustion)
SC/USC
High temperature/pressure
Large capacity
Gasification & advanced combustion: roads to higher efficiency
Oxy-fu
combu
Co-production: an important approach to promote
IGCC development in China
Air
ASU
N2
Combined
Cycle
O2
Coal
Gasifier
Syngas
(CO+H2)
IGCC
Chemical
plant
Steam
Electricity
methanol
Shift
reactor
CO2+H2
Separator
CO2
H2
Other
Power
generation
Fuel cell
EOR/ECBM
Sequestration
Ocean
storage
Others
(2) CCS enabling technologies: Iron & Steel
SC/USC
Power
Polygeneration (IGCC)
IGCC/Co-production
Leading technology
Polygeneration based on
Oxygen Blast furnace
Iron&Steel
Polygeneration based on
Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on
Direct Reduction
Ammonia
&Methanol
Coal gasification
Cement
Oxy-fuel combustion in
cement kiln
Coal gasification
Iron making: development trend
Direct reduction
Smelting reduction
• Non-blast furnace iron-making
• Blast furnace iron-making
• Dominant technology
• Severe pollution
Breakthrough CCS enabling technologies are needed
to achieve large-scale CO2 reduction
Steel making
Iron ore
pelletizing
Lime stone
Sintering
Rolling
Iron ore
Coking
Washed coal
10%
Blast furnace
Converter
7%
Bao Steel
10%
7%
21%
21%
2%
15%
2%
45%
15%
45%
Sinter
BF
Coke making
Converter
EF
Rolling
Sinter
BF
Coke making
Converter
EF
Rolling
Capture from the main emitter (blast furnace) brings only about 30% reduction in CO2 emissions
Data source: ZHANG Shourong
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast Furnace
Off Gas
(CO+H2)
Electricity
Methanol
Co-production
units
Oxygen Blast Furnace
The off gas with medium
heating value from OBF is used
as an IGCC/co-production fuel
gas
Steel
Converter
Picture from internet
Polygeneration Based on Direct Reduction
Electricity
Methanol
Co-production
Syngas
CO+H2
units
Gasifier
Steel
By coupling IGCC/co-production
with a DR process, it shares one
gasifier to produce syngas
Direct
Reduction
Unit
Electric
Arc
Furnace
Picture from internet
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Off Gas
(CO+H2)
Electricity
Methanol
Co-production
units
Smelting Reduction Unit
The off gas from SR is used as
an IGCC/co-production fuel gas
Steel
Converter
Picture from internet
(3) CCS enabling technologies: Ammonia & Methanol
SC/USC
Power
Polygeneration (IGCC)
IGCC/Co-production
Leading technology
Polygeneration based on
Oxygen Blast furnace
Iron&Steel
Polygeneration based on
Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on
Direct Reduction
Ammonia
&Methanol
Coal gasification
Cement
Oxy-fuel combustion in
cement kiln
Coal gasification
Ammonia & Methanol
Ammonia
Syngas
Gasification
coal
Methanol
•
•
Ammonia industry is the largest consumer of gasification technology in China. Coal-based
synthetic ammonia accounts for about 75% of total output
– Consume 50 Mt coal per year
coal-based methanol accounted for about 80% of total output.
– consume about 12 Mt coal
Pathway to a low-carbon future
CCS
•Polygeneration
• Polygeneration
•Coal gasification
Today~2020
(power-chemicals-steel)
(power-chemicals &
power-steel)
2020~2030
Integration & Optimization
2030~
Cleaner coal & water
7
6
5
4
Without capture
With capture
3
2
1
0
Subcritical
USC
Water consumption (Kg/MWh)
Subcritical: 300MW; USC: 1000MW; IGCC: Gasifier: Shell
Estimated by Hengwei Liu
IGCC
How to use coal in a carbon-constrained future?
Syngas to liquids
+CCS
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Gasifier
Gasification
Coal
+CCS
Syngas
Syngas to power
+CCS
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Advanced
combustion
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
+CCS
USC/SC + CCS
Energy & water efficient approaches to a cleaner coal:
advanced combustion & gasification
Who owns our low-carbon future?
Geographical location of the parent companies of patent owners
International cooperation is critical for CCS diffusion
Source: Bernice Lee, Ilian Iliev and Felix Preston. Chatham House Report 2009
Accelerating technology diffusion and drive down the
cost of CCS through a U.S.-China partnership
•
US has a more advanced S&T innovative system and has a well established
regime for bringing technologies to market.
•
China has vibrant market, and the ability to commercialize new technologies
more quickly and cheaply.
USA
19%
Other
33%
China
43%
India
7%
ROW
59%
China
22%
USA
17%
Total: 3303.7 Mtoe
Coal Consumption by Country (2008)
CO2 emission: China+USA=41%
Data source: IEA&NBS
Conclusions
• A twin-pronged strategy for CCS and its enabling
technologies should be developed.
• Coal gasification & advanced combustion are energy & water
efficient ways to a cleaner coal, and they should be given top
priority to enable CCS development in China.
• A U.S.-China partnership has the potential to accelerate
technology diffusion and drive down the cost of CCS.
Thank you!
Hengwei Liu (刘恒伟)
http://hengweiliu.weebly.com/
Email：hengwei_liu@hks.harvard.edu
liu.ccs@gmail.com