Microprocessors
Chapter 1
An Introduction To
Microprocessor And Computer
prepared by
Dr. Mohamed A. Shohla
Chapter Overview
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‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
A Historical Background
The Microprocessor Age
Pentium Evolution
The Microprocessor-Based Personal computer System
The Microprocessor
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1-2
The Microprocessor Age-1
(a) 1970s Processors
4004
8008
8080
8086
8088
71
72
74
78
79
108 KHz
108 KHz
2 MHz
5–10 MHz
5–8 MHz
Bus width
4 bits
8 bits
8 bits
16 bits
8 bits
No. of transistors
2300
3500
6000
29000
29000
640 bytes
16 KB
64 KB
1 MB
1 MB
—
—
—
—
—
Introduced
Clock speeds
Addressable memory
Virtual memory
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1-3
The Microprocessor Age-2
(b) 1980s Processors
80286
386TMDX
386TMSX
486TM DX
82
85
88
89
6-12MHz
16-33MHz
16-33 MHz
25-50 MHz
Bus width
16 bits
32 bits
16 bits
32 bits
No. of transistors
134000
275000
275000
1.2 million
Addressable memory
16
megabytes
4 gigabytes
4 gigabytes
4 gigabytes
Virtual memory
1 gigabyte
64 terabytes
64 terabytes
64 terabytes
Introduced
Clock speeds
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1-4
The Microprocessor Age-3
(c) 1990s Processors
486TMSX
Pentium
Pentium
Pentium II
91
93
95
97
16-133 MHz
60-166MHz
150-200 MHz
200-300 MHz
32 bits
32 bits
64 bits
64 bits
No. of transistors
1.2 million
3.1 million
5.5 million
7.5 million
Addressable memory
4 gigabytes
4 gigabytes
64 gigabytes
64 gigabytes
Virtual memory
64 terabyte
64 terabytes
64 terabytes
64terabytes
Introduced
Clock speeds
Bus width
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1-5
The Microprocessor Age-4
(d) Recent Processors
Pentium III
Pentium 4
99
11/2000
450-660 MHz
1.3-1.8 GHz
64 bits
64 bits
95 million
42 million
Addressable memory
64 gigabytes
64 gigabytes
Virtual memory
64 terabytes
64 terabytes
Introduced
Clock speeds
Bus width
No. of transistors
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1-6
The Pentium Evaluation
- 4004 (1971)
First 4-bit, 4k x 4 Memory, 45 Inst., 50 KIPS
- 8008 (1973)
8-bit, 16 KB Memory, 48 Inst.
- 8080 (1975)
First 8-bit general purpose processor, 64 KB Memory,
TTL , 500 KIPS
- 8085 (1977)
Last 8-bit general purpose processor, Internal clock
- 8088 / 8086
(1978)
First 16-bit processor, 1 MB Memory, 2.5 MIPS, 4-6 Byte
fetch queue
- 80286 (1983)
Last 16-bit processor, 16 MB Memory, 4 MIPS
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1-7
The Pentium Evaluation
- 80386 (1986)
First 32-bit microprocessor, 32-bit address and
data bus, 4GB Memory, Multitask
- 80486 (1989)
Package (proc. + coproc + 8KB cache),
pipelining
- Pentium (1993)
16 KB cache (8 KB Inst. cache + 8 KB Data
cache), 64-bit data bus, 2 Execution Unit,
Superscalar
- Pentium Pro (95) 16 KB L1 cache, 256 KB L2 cache, 3 Execution
Unit, More Superscalar
- Pentium II (1997) On-board 32 KB L1 cache, 512 KB L2 cache,
MMX technology
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1-8
The Pentium Evaluation
- Pentium III (99)
Additional FP instructions to support 3D
graphics.
- Pentium IV
(2001)
Additional FP and other enhancements for
multimedia.
- Itanium
This new generation of Intel processor makes
use of a 64-bit organization with the IA-64
architecture.
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1-9
Compare between the 80486 through
Pentium 4 microprocessor.
CPU
Coprocessor
CPU1
CPU2
Copro
16K
L1 Cache
8K
L1 Cache
Pentium
80486DX
CPU1
CPU1
CPU2
CPU3
CPU2
CPU3
Copro
Copro
32K L1 Cache
16K L1 Cache
256K L2 Cache
Pentium Pro
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
512K L2 Cache
or
256K L2 Cache
Pentium II, Pentium III,
or Pentium 4 Module
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1 - 10
The block diagram of a computer system.
Memory System
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
Cache
Read only (ROM)
Flash memory
EEPROM
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Buses
Microprocessor
8086
8088
80186
80286
80386
80486
Pentium Pro
Pentium II
Pentium III
Pentium IV
Buses
I/O System
Printer
Serial Communications
Floppy disk drive
Hard disk drive
Mouse
CD-ROM drive
Plotter
Keyboard
Monitor
Scanner
DVD
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1 - 11
The purpose of the microprocessor in a
microprocessor-based computer system
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‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
At the heart of the microprocessor-based computer system is
the microprocessor integrated circuit. The microprocessor,
sometimes referred to as the CPU (central processing unit), is
the controlling element in a computer system. The
microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a series of
connections called buses.
The microprocessor performs three main tasks for the computer
system:
1. data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems.
2. simple arithmetic and logic operations.
3. program flow via simple decisions. Albeit these are simple
tasks, but through them, the microprocessor performs
virtually any series of operations or tasks.
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1 - 12
The three buses found in all computer
systems.
A bus is a common group of wires that interconnect
components in a computer system. The buses that interconnect
the sections of a computer system transfer address, data, and
control information between the microprocessor and its memory
and I/O systems.
• The address bus requests a memory location from the
memory or an I/O location from the I/O devices. If I/O is
addressed, the address bus contains a 16-bit I/O address
from 0000H through FFFFH.
• The data bus transfers information between the
microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space. Data
transfers vary in size, from 8 bits wide to 64 bits wide in
various members of the Intel microprocessor family.
• The control bus contains lines that select the memory or
I/O and cause them to perform a read or write operation.
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1 - 13
Block diagram of a computer system
showing address, data, and control bus.
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1 - 14
The microprocessor bus and memory sizes
Microprocessor
8086
8088
80186
80188
80286
80386
80486
Pentium Pro
Pentium II
Pentium II, III, 4
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Data Bus
16
8
16
8
16
32
32
64
64
64
Address
Bus
20
20
20
20
24
32
32
36
32
36
Memory
Size
1M
1M
1M
1M
16M
4G
4G
64G
4G
64G
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1 - 15
The physical memory systems of the
8086 through 80486
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1 - 16
The physical memory systems of the
Pentium II through Pentium IV
‫جام عة الم نوف ية‬
Faculty of Electronic Engineering – Dept. of Computer Science & Eng.
Microprocessors Course
1 - 17