The Intel Microprocessors
--from 8086 to Pentium
Architecture, Programming
and Interfacing
• Content
• Arrangement
• Reference book
• Final score
1. Architecture
2. Programming
3. Interfacing
Memory
CPU
1. Architecture
3. Interfacing
Printer
2. Programming
I/O
1. Architecture
• 1.1
The architecture of CPU
• 1.2
Addressing modes
Internal Microprocessor Architecture
DR
PR
IR
EAX
AH (AX) AL
Accumulator
EBX
BH (BX) BL
Base index
ECX
CH (CX) CL
Count
EDX
DH (DX) DL
Data
ESP
SP
Stack pointer
EBP
BP
Base pointer
EDI
DI
ESI
SI
Destination
index
Source index
Internal Microprocessor Architecture
EIP
EFLAGS
Special purpose registers
IP
FLAGS
Instruction pointer
Flags
CS
Code
DS
ES
SS
FS
Segment registers
GS
Data
Extra
Stack
1. Architecture
2. Programming
3. Interfacing
2. Programming
• 2.1 Data movement instructions
• 2.2 Arithmetic and logic
instructions
• 2.3 Program control instructions
program
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.DATA
NUM DB 34H
TABLE DW 0012H,0033H,5687H
.CODE
.STARTUP
MOV BX,OFFSET TABLE
MOV AX,[BX+4]
MOV CX,88H
MUL CX
CMP AX,2000H
JAE NEXT
OUT AX,P8
.EXIT
END
Application languages
/application program
High-level languages
/compiler &interpretative program
Assembly language/ assembly program
Keyboard command and system primitive
/ operating system
Machine instruction system/ CPU
1. Architecture
2. Programming
3. Interfacing
3. Interfacing
• 1 8088/8086 hardware
specifications
• 2 Memory interface
• 3 Basic I/O interface
• 4 Interrupts
• 5 Direct memory access and DMAcontrolled I/O
8088 hardware specifications
Memory interface
• Content
• Arrangement
• Reference book
• Final score
request
• Familiar with
• Addressing mode
• programming with assembly
language
• interfacing of microprocessor
What we can do
after learning this
• Programming in assembly
language in certain real-time
system ,memory limited system or
embedded system
• Design interfacing and writing
drivers
• Content
• Arrangement
• Reference book
• Final score
Reference Books
• 微型计算机原理及应用
»周明德 编著 清华大学出版社
• IBM-PC汇编语言程序设计
»沈美明主编，清华大学出版社
• 汇编语言与微机原理教程
»顾元刚主编，电子工业出版社
• The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers
(Volumes I & II): Assembly Language, Design,
and Interfacing (4th Edition)
» 清华大学出版社
Reference Lessons
• Operating system 操作系统
• Computer architecture 计算机体系结构
• Content
• Arrangement
• Reference book
• Final score
• Final Exam: 70%
• Middle Exam:20%
• Homework & Attendance:10%
• This may be revised according to the needs.
Now let’s begin our
exploration
in microprocessor.
Chapter 1
Introduction to The Microprocessor
and PC
Chapter 1:
1. What mankind has done before the
microprocessor finally came out?
2. How many parts are there in the
microprocessor ?
Chapter 1:
Introduction to The
Microprocessor and PC
• 1.1 A Historical Background
• 1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor
1.1 A Historical Background
1.1 A Historical Background
• A. The Mechanical Age
– Abacus (Babylonians)
– Analytical engine (Babbage, punched cards,
1823,failure)
1.1 A Historical Background
• B. The Electrical Age
– Motor-driven adding machines, based on
mechanical calculator (Hollerith, set up IBMInternational Business Machines Corporation)
– First electronic calculating machine Z3 (German,
Konrad Zuse,1942)
– The first general-purpose, programmable
electronic computer ENIAC (University of
Pennsylvania, 1946)
• ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Calculator [Computer] 电子数字积分计
算机
ENIAC
ENIAC
ENIAC
Intel 4004
Intel 8088
Intel Petium
Intel Petium II
The Moore’s Law:
the number of
transistors integrated in a chip will double very
18 or 24 mouths
1.1 A Historical Background
• D. The Future of Microprocessors
– The process speed will get more
faster
– The memory will get more large
– The bulk will get more smaller
– The width of data bus will increase
– Architecture will get more efficient
1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor
1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor
• Question: If we use a computer to
figure out an arithmetic expression,
how can it finish this work?
• 133*33+44*14
1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor
• 133*33+44*14
– First input these numbers.
– Do the calculating work.
– Store The result
– Output the result.
• Control this processing.
1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor
• 133*33+44*14
Input
device
memory
calculator
Output
device
data bus
Control bus
controller
1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor
Address
bus
Microprocessor
Memory
Data bus
Interface
Control
bus
External
devices
BUS definition p25
1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor
• Bus: P25
– Address bus requests a memory location
from the memory or an I/O location from
the I/O devices.
– Data bus transfers information between
the microprocessor and its memory and
I/O address space.
– Control bus contains lines that select the
memory or I/O and cause them to perform
a read or write operation.
1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor
1.2 PC Based on Microprocessor
A. Relationship Figure
microprocessor
PC
PC system
ALU
controller
register
internal memory
I/O interface
I/O Devices & external memory
system software
application software
power、panel、pc frame, etc