Core 5 Programme
Green Radio – Sustainable
Wireless Networks
February 2009
Simon Fletcher
NEC
Industrial Steering Group Chair
for Green Radio
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Presentation Overview
 The Business Case for Green Radio
 Defining the Green Radio Objectives
 The Programme Organisation
 Highlights of the Research Areas
 Key Deliverables
 Conclusions
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Why Green Radio?
Operator & Manufacturer Perspective
 Increasing energy costs with higher base station site
density and energy price trends
 A typical UK mobile network consumes 40MW
 Overall this is a small % of total UK energy consumption, but
with huge potential to save energy in other industries
 Energy cost and grid availability limit growth in
emerging markets (high costs for diesel generators)
 Corporate Responsibility targets set to reduce
carbon emissions and environmental impacts of
networks
 Vodafone1 - “Group target to reduce CO2 emissions by
50% by 2020, from 2006/07 levels”
 Orange2: “Reduce our greenhouse emissions per
customer by 20% between 2006 and 2020”
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1. http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.25114.File.tmp/CR%20REPORT_UK-FINAL%20ONLINE_180908_V6.pdf
2. http://www.orange.com/en_EN/tools/boxes/documents/att00005072/CSR_report_2007.pdf
Where is the Energy Used?
 For the operator, 57% of
electricity use is in radio access
 Operating electricity is the
dominant energy requirement at
base stations
 For user devices, most of the
energy used is due to
manufacturing
MTX
20%
CO2 emissions per subscriber
per year3
9kg
CO2
4.3kg
CO2
Operation
Embodied
energy
Base station
2.6kg
CO2
8.1kg
CO2
Mobile
Data Centre
6%
Core
15%
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RBS
57%
Retail
2%
3. Tomas Edler, Green Base
Stations – How to Minimize CO2
Emission in Operator Networks,
Ericsson, Bath Base Station
Conference 2008
Green Radio as an Enabler
Trends:
Traffic
Costs
Diverging
expectations
for traffic and
revenue
growth
Voice
Data
Revenue
 Exponential growth in data traffic
 Number of base stations / area
increasing for higher capacity
 Revenue growth constrained
and dependent on new services
Time
Energy use cannot follow traffic growth without
significant increase in energy consumption
 Must reduce energy use per data bit carried
Number of base stations increasing
 Operating power per cell must reduce
Green radio is a key enabler for growth in cellular whilst
guarding against increased environmental impact
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Traffic / revenue curve from “The Mobile Broadband Vision - How to make LTE a success”, Frank Meywerk, Senior Vice President
Radio Networks, T-Mobile Germany, LTE World Summit, November 2008, London
2020 Vision Paper – The Challenge
 The Visions Group comprising global thoughts leaders
in the industry articulated the need….
“Arguably what is needed are wireless access systems
that can support multimedia service data rates at
two or three orders of magnitude lower transmission
power than currently used. Performance of today’s
radio access technologies is in fact already
approaching the Shannon Bound – such an advance
will not come simply from more traditional research
on single aspects of the physical layer, but will
require holistic, system-wide, breakthrough thinking
that challenges basic assumptions”
Mobile VCE consultation paper, “2020 Vision – Enabling the Digital Future” Dec’07
 Mobile VCE Green Radio programme formulated to:
 Take forward existing research
 Take an international lead in this field
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The Industrial Leadership Team
 Chairman
Simon Fletcher
NEC
 Deputy Chairman
Andy Jeffries
Nortel
 Deputy Chairman
David Lister
Vodafone
Industry Steering Group – participants so far…
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Green Radio Scenarios
Two Market Profiles:
1. Developed World

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
Developed Infrastructure
Saturated Markets
Quality of Service Key
Drive to Reduce Costs
2. Emerging Markets




Less Established Infrastructure
Rapidly Expanding Markets
Large Geographical Areas
Often no mains power supply
– power consumption a major issue
Green Radio ‘Book of Assumptions’:
 Defines cellular, enterprise & home scenarios
 To galvanise targeted innovations
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Academic Leadership Team
Prof. Steve McLaughlin
(Academic Co-ordinator)
Dr. John Thompson
Dr. Dave Laurenson
Prof. Joe McGeehan
Dr. Simon Armour
Dr. Kevin Morris
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Prof. Tim O'Farrell
Dr. Pavel Loskot
Dr. Jianhua He
Prof. Hamid Aghvami
Dr. Mohammad Reza Nakhai
Dr. Vasilis Friderikos
Green Radio Programme Organisation
Industry Steering Group
Energy Focus Group
GR1: Architecture
2 RAs, 5 PhDs
To identify a green network
architecture - a low power
wireless network & backhaul
that still provides good
quality of service
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Flexible Networks Program
GR2: Techniques
2 RAs, 7 PhDs
To identify the best radio
techniques across all layers
of the protocol stack that
collectively achieve
100x power reduction
2 Work Packages - 48 Man Years
Target Innovations: Architecture
Establishing Baselines
To develop a clear understanding of energy
consumption in current networks and the network
elements, base sites, mobiles, etc for the scenarios
defined in the Book of Assumptions
Backhaul Options
To determine the best backhaul strategy for a given
architecture
Deployment Scenarios
To determine what is the optimum deployment
scenario for a wide area network given a clearly
defined energy efficiency metric
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Target Innovations: Techniques
Overall Base Station Efficiency
Techniques to deliver significant improvements in overall
efficiency for base stations, measured as RF power out to total
input power
Improving the QoS/RF Power Ratio
Techniques that will reduce the required RF output power
required from the base station whilst still maintaining the
required QoS
Optimization of a Limited Energy Budget
Given a base station nominal daily energy requirement derived
from renewable energy sources (eg 2.4 kWh - 100W x 24hrs) to
determine how this would be best used for communication
Scaling of Energy Needs with Traffic
Sleep mechanisms that deliver substantial reduction in power
consumption for base stations with no loads and techniques
that allow power consumption to scale with load
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Architecture: Technical Approach
Energy Metrics & Models
 Primary and derived energy metrics to accurately quantify consumption
 Communications energy consumption models for the radio access network
(RAN) architecture
Energy Efficient Architectures
 For RAN technology, compare large versus small cell deployment
 Placement of relay nodes
 Efficient backhaul in support of identified architectures
Multihop Routing
 Bounding energy requirements by strict end-to-end QoS
 Exploiting delay tolerant applications and user mobility for energy reduction
Frequency Management
 Identification of energy efficient co-operative physical layer architecture
using emerging information theory ideas to remove interference
 Applying Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) to minimize energy
consumption by utilising bands with low interference
 Solar-powered relaying allocating resources to match combined traffic and
weather patterns
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Architecture:
Energy Efficiency Analysis Process
Macro
Micro
Pico
Femto
Step1: Large vs. small cells applying the energy metrics
Step2: overlay Source & Network Coding and/or Cooperative Networking
Step3: Evaluate from the following perspectives…….
RRM
Packet scheduling, handover, power control, load control
BER/FER vs Eb/No Differentiated QoS, fast fading effects, UE speed, MIMO
Link Budget
Energy consumption is proportional to distance
Mobility/Traffic Models UE movement, traffic types & mixes
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Applying Network Element
Deployment Perspective
=
(2) Traffic transmitted at a
better time, when the
mobile is closer
9
Reference
Point
Mobile
Moves
(1) Traffic held at BS to
transmit at a more
appropriate time
Large
Background
Traffic Flow
2
5,7
Dedicated
Wireless
Link
InBuilding
Relay
2
2
2
E.g.,
Leased
Line,...
Radio
Over
Fibre
5,8
5,6
E.g.,
ADSL/
Cable
1
Mesh
Mobile
Network
Fixed
Relay
1,3
Public (City) WLAN
Hotspot Cluster
Mesh, in Coverage of
the Mobile Network
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3,4
Femtocell
Basestation
5,8
Mobile
Relays
Wide scope: Macro-cells, relays, backhaul, WLAN
Consideration of Embodied Energy is required.
Techniques: Power Efficient Hardware
Base station efficiency
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Climate control 65%
Power supply 85%
PA / transceiver 15%
Feeder cables 50%
Baseline
overall
efficiency
4%
Advanced base station architectures
Integrated remote
radio antenna

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Masthead PA eliminates
feeder loss
Integration avoids
interconnect losses
Passive thermal cooling
 Multi-mode and multi-standard
 Maximise equipment and base station
re-use
Integration allows energy reductions
 Masthead electronics to avoid cable
losses
 Target > 20% overall efficiency
Advanced power amplifier techniques
 Target: > 60% PA efficiency
 Develop envelope tracking method
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Hardware Integration & Advanced PA Techniques
Techniques:
DSP and Radio Resource Management
Interference Minimisation and Cancellation
 Making transmissions more robust to interference to reduce
required transmit power levels
 Peer-to-peer communications between terminals can be
exploited to share information about signals and interference to
improve decoding and suppress interference
RRM Techniques for Lower Power Consumption
 Maximising power efficient utilisation of LTE RBS co-operation
and collaboration support.
 Robust Measurement reporting, Radio Bearer Configuration,
Packet Scheduling, handover and Power and Load Control for
energy efficient delivery
Novel Approaches
 Network coding
 Application of Sensor network techniques, cross layer
approaches grounded in Standards (LTE, WiMAX)
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Green Radio Deliverables
Year 1
 Workshop to discuss architecture metrics and promising
techniques for power reduction
 Executive Summary on energy and power efficiency
metrics and tradeoffs
Year 2
 Poster day to present key results to date
 Reports on efficiency gains
Year 3
 Reports on Programme achievements for both
Architectures and Techniques Work Packages
 Executive summaries of all key outputs from the
Programme
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Programme Processes to Secure Value
to Industrial Members
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
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Monthly Co-ordination Steering Group (CSG) meetings
 Progress management (deliverables, patents, publications)
 Internal and outreach event oganisation
Quarterly Technical Steering Group (TSG) meetings
 Meetings at which all Industrials have the opportunity to engage
with the Researchers in the detail of their research and get an
overview of the latest technical output of the Programme
Interdependent approach facilitated by well established MVCE
processes with enhancements for Core 5
 Encouraging exploration of synergies with Flexible Networks.
Both programmes contain activities in…
 Network coding, routing, adaptive and self-organising
techniques
 Webex – Internet-based interactions between Researchers and
Industrials, especially valuable for overseas-based industrials
 WiKi - promoting high awareness of leading edge of key radio
access standards LTE(-Advanced), and 802.16 (WiMAX), 802.11
(WiFi) and leading edge green technologies through the use of a
WiKi knowledge base
 Industrial Energy Focus Group leading the embodied energy
debate
Energy Focus Group Concept
Relate to Real World
Book of
Assumptions
Real World
Metrics
Real World
Costs
Real World
Constraints
Metrics
Targeted
Questions
Real World
System
Parameters
Metrics /
Optimisation
Evaluation
Approach
Problem Abstraction
Energy Focus Group

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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Terms of Reference

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Architecture Study
Initially tightly coupled to Architecture Research Group
Evolution of targeted questions
Analysis abstraction for realistic industrial application
What ‘energy’ metrics do we use to ensure realistic configurations &
architectures result
Dates for the Diary
 For our Members and Researchers
 Industry Steering Group TSG#2: 2nd April at Bristol University
 Education Day: 30th April at Orange Labs, Chiswick
 To brief the researchers on the state of the art in industry and bring
everyone up to speed on the Programme.
 Industry Steering Group TSG#3: 2nd July at Kings College
London
 Metrics Workshop: 9th Sept at Swansea University
 Review meeting for a key deliverable from the Architecture
Research, all are welcome.
 Industry Steering Group TSG#4: 1st October - University of
Edinburgh
 Outreach Events
 Event prior to WWRF: 4th May at FT-Orange, Paris
 Support for Femto Forum Research Day:
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 Aligned with the Femtocells World Summit, June 23rd - 25th, London
 Discussions ongoing with the Femtoforum.
Conclusions
 Green technologies relevance to business and
politics will only continue to increase, Green Radio
offers timely Industry driven research.
 Green Radio is a 48 man year programme run
over 3 years that offers…
 An in-depth and systematic study of architecture issues
to identify trade-offs in energy efficient network design
 Evaluation of Techniques across the protocol stack to
select most promising approaches to reduce power.
 Green Radio will provide insights of value to…
 Operators considering the impact of Green for future
networks deployments
 Equipment Vendors for identification of key techniques
enabling green solutions.
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Join the Team
 Strong contributions from Industrials in the areas of
Embodied Energy and baseline assumptions have
already been received and are much appreciated
 If there are people in your organisations that are working
in related areas please make them aware of these MVCE
activities and help facilitate good information distribution
within your organisations
 We always welcome input and active participation from
our industrial members to help shape the relevance and
reach out to other Research and Industrial organisations
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
Thank you !
Further information on mVCE contact:
Dr Walter Tuttlebee,
E-mail:
walter.tuttlebee@mobilevce.com
Tel:
+44 1256 338604
WWW:
www.mobilevce.com
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© 2009 Mobile VCE
For further information on this presentation please contact:
Simon Fletcher
E-mail:
Simon.Fletcher@EU.NEC.COM
Tel:
+44 1372 381824