Different Paths
Followed by the Two Koreas
Night Image of the Two Koreas
After Five Decades
North Korea
North Korea
• Communist system
• The world most isolated regime &
economic backwardness
• Dictatorship and human rights issues
• Nuclear development & ‘military-first
policy’
“Juche” (Self Reliance) Ideology:
• Symbolizes autonomy or identity in ideology,
independence in politics, self-sufficiency in
economy and reliance on Korea’s own forces in
national defense.
• Characteristics of North Korean system:
- Acceptance of hereditary succession of power
- Most militarized country among communist
countries
- Anti-American education
South Korea
South Korea
One of the most successful postwar economic
and political development cases
• 12th largest economy (member of OECD)
• 12th largest trading country
• 11th in global competitiveness (WEF 2007)
• 1st in university enrollment
• 1st in broadband penetration (90% of
households)
• Fully democratized political system
IDEOLOGY
• Left/Progressive
– Democracy
•Antiauthoritarianism
– Nationalism
•Reconciliation
w/ NK
– Labor (Minjung)
• Right/Conservative
– Development
•Mobilization
– AntiCommunism
•S.Korean State
– Capital
(e.g.Chaebol)
2007 Election
• Lee Myung-bak:
Conservative GNP
– 48.7%
– 11.49 million votes
• Chung Dong-young: UNDP
– 26.2%
– 6.17 million votes
• Lee Hoe-chang: UltraConservative Independent
– 15.6%
Recent Developments in
Inter-Korean Relations
Inter-Korea Agreements & Documents,
1953-Present
• Total 92 agreements & documents:
– 1953: Armistice Agreement
– 1972: Inter-Korean Joint Communique
– 1991-1992 (11 on Inter-Korean Basic
Agreement)
– 1994-1997 (9 on DPRK-US Agreed
Framework-related)
– 2000-2004-2007 (69+1 since the Summit
in 2000)
South Korea’s Policy Towards North
Korea
• From confrontation to reconciliation
• Engagement policy of North Korea
during the last decade
· dialogue and cooperation
· confidence building
· peaceful coexistence
· prosperity on the Korean Peninsula and Northeast
Asia
• Peaceful and gradual process of
unification
Sunshine Policy
Principles:
1) Not allow any armed provocation
hampering peace on the peninsula
2) Don’t absorb North Korea
3) Push reconciliation and
cooperation with North beginning
with those areas which can be
most easily agreed upon
Sunshine Policy
•
•
•
•
•
•
Engagement Policy
Reconciliation and Cooperation
Peaceful co-existence not unification
Dialog and Deterrence
Separation of Economics and Politics
Promote peace and mutual prosperity
instead of inciting mutual enmity and
conflict
Inter-Korean Relations
• Humanitarian assistance
· South Korea is the biggest donor county to the
North
• People’s exchanges
· In 2005, 88,000 South Koreans visited the North
(more than the total number of visitors during the
previous five decades)
· 1.5m South Korean tourists to Mt. Geumgang since
1998
SK Government Aid to North Korea, 1995-2004
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Aid Amount (USD)
232,000,000
3,050,000
26,670,000
11,000,000
28,250,000
78,630,000
70,450,000
83,750,000
87,020,000
740,000
Note
Rice (150,000 MT) direct
Grain, P milk via UN
Grain, P milk via UN
Grain, flour via UN
Fertilizer - direct
Fertilizer – direct
Fertilizer, grain, underwear, medicine – D
Fertilizer, grain, med – Direct
Med, cash (Unicef), fertilizer, grain -D
Yongchon ER supplies, medicines, etc.-D
SK NGO Aid to North Korea, ’95-’04
Year
Aid amount
Note
9/95-5/97
4,960,000
Food, blanket-via IFRC
6/97-7/97
8,500,000
Food, fertilizer-Korean RC
8/97-10/97
8,900,000
Food, vitamins-KRC
3/98
170,000
Fertilizer (800 mt)-KRC
4/98-6/98
9,350,000
Food, potato,socks–KRC
9/98-12/98
11,330,000
Corn, cows; NGO-food
1999
18,630,000
Indep (10 NGOs)- diverse KRC (24 NGOs) -food,
clothing, med
2000
35,130,000
Independ (13 NGOs); KRC (16 NGOs)
2001
64,940,000
Indep (19 NGOs); KRC ($238,333)
2002
51,170,000
Indep (25 NGOs); KRC ($692,308)
2003
70,610,000
Indep (29 NGOs); KRC ($583,333)
2004 (Jan-Apr)
37,510,000
Indep (19 NGOs); KRC ($491,667)
Economic Cooperation
Economic cooperation:
• Inter-Korean trade volume : 1.35 billion USD
(South Korea has become the 2nd largest
trading partner of the North within a decade)
* North Korea’s Trade Volume : 4 billion USD
• Gaeseong Industrial Complex :
 a collaborative project
Gaeseong, the city next to the DMZ
Inter-Korean Summit Meetings (2000, 2007)
• Major results of the 2007 Summit:
(Peace building)
· cooperation on denuclearization and establishment of a peace
regime
· reduction of military tension and the holding of a defense
ministers’
meeting
· holding Prime Minister’s meeting
(Economic cooperation)
· creating a Special Peace and Cooperation Zone in the West Sea
· constructing ship-building complexes and repairing roads
· expanding Gaeseong Industrial Complex
(Reconciliation)
· expanding the reunion of separated families
· promoting exchanges and cooperation in social and cultural
areas
North Korean Nuclear Issue
• 6 Party talks : Two Koreas, US, Japan, China, Russia
• Progress:
(North Korea’s action to be taken by the end of 2007)
· disable key nuclear facilities
· provide a complete and correct declaration of all its
nuclear programs
(Other Six Party’s action)
· economic and energy assistance up to the equivalent of
1 million tons of heavy fuel oil
· discuss normalization of US-North Korea relations,
Japan-North Korea relations
(Future course of action)
· hold a Six Party Ministerial Meeting
· dismantle North Korea’s nuclear facilities
•Long-term Goals
· to establish a permanent peace
regime on the Korean Peninsula
· to develop a multilateral security
forum in Northeast Asia