The Networked Economy: Information Management,
Strategy, and Innovation
网络经济：信息管理，战略，和创新
(6)
Enterprise Software:
Cost and Productivity
企业软件：
成本和生产率
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Andreas S. Weigend, Ph.D. 韦思岸教授
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IT Productivity Paradox
IT生产率悖论
1987:
“You can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics.”
“你可以看到除了生产率统计，计算机时代随处可见。”
•
Bob Solow, MIT, 1987
2003:
“The IT productivity paradox is history”
“IT生产率悖论已成为历史”
•
Eric Brynjolfsson, MIT, 2003
•
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Data used to measure IT Productivity
度量IT生产率的数据

Early studies used high-level aggregated data
早期的研究使用高水平的整合数据
E.g., whole industries or economies (e.g. OECD data)
比如整个行业或者经济（例如OECD数据）

Late in the 1990s more fine-grained data became available
20世纪90年代后期，细密数据触手可得
E.g., different characterizations of IT (mainframes, PCs, staff)
比如IT的不同方面（大型机，个人机，信息系统员工）
Subsets of the economies (manufacturing vs. services)
和经济的不同子类（制造业对比服务业）
•
Brynjolfsson (http://ebusiness.mit.edu/erik/)
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Productivity (relative to industry average)
生产率（相对于行业平均水平）
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Productivity is correlated with IT investment
生产率与IT投资密切相关
Source: Brynjolfsson
Total investment into IT (relative to industry average)
IT 总投资（相对于行业平均水平）
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Strategic reasons for adopting ERP
采用ERP的根本原因

Optimize internal business processes
优化内部业务流程

Integration of systems
系统整合

Increase IT efficiency
提高IT效率


Increase functionality for user
提高用户功能性
Reduce IT costs (HW - SW Maintenance)
降低IT成本（硬件－软件－维护）

Improve internal reporting
改善内部报告质量
Increase customer satisfaction
提高顾客满意度

Reduce personnel
削减员工人数

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Costs
成本
Direct Costs
直接成本
•
Indirect Costs
间接成本
•

Hardware (including upgrades)
硬件（包括升级）

User support
使用者支持

Software (including upgrades)
软件（包括升级）

Self-help within working groups
工作组内部的自助

Cost of operation (technical and
personnel costs, shares of costs,
Risks, e.g., Downtime
operation of IT (rooms,
风险，例如出现故障
maintenance), network, interior
 Decrease in company‘s productivity
equipment)
公司生产率的降低
运营成本（技术和员工成本，管理费
用，IT的实施（场所，维护），网络，
内部设备）
•

Depreciation and interest
折旧和利息
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Costs
成本

Direct costs are easy to measure
直接成本可以量化
Hardware, Software, Services
硬件，软件，和服务
Maintenance, Support
维护和支持

Indirect costs are difficult to
measure
间接成本很难测量，
Often larger than the direct costs
通常比直接成本要大
Upgrades (Hardware, Software,
Services)
升级（硬件，软件和服务）
Problem: Direct costs often used as
main measure
问题: 直接成本经常成为ERP项目的主要
衡量因素。
Rule of thumb: For USD 1 spent in ERP,
USD 3-4 are spent on consultants who
implement, train employees and
redesign business processes!
凭经验说:每在ERP上花费一元（美元），
就又有3-4元（美元）花费到了实施、
员工培训和业务流程重新设计上！
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Cost-Benefit Analysis of ERP
ERP的成本－收益分析

TCO (Total Cost of Ownership)
TCO（系统总成本）

Purchase, Implementation, Operation, Support, Maintenance and Upgrade of an
(IT) system over a specific period of time (typically 3-6 years/asset lifecycle)
一个（IT）系统在一定时期内（通常3-6年/资产生命周期）的购买、实施、运营、
支持、维护和升级

However: Benefits often difficult to measure
然而：收益很难度量
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Benefits
收益

Quantitative
定量的收益

Qualitative
定性的收益
Reduce order throughput times
减少订单周期
Transparency
透明性
Decrease inventory (less capital
binding costs)
降低库存（更低的资金占用成本）
Up-to-date information
实时更新的信息
Improve capacity utilization
提高产能利用率
Improvement of business processes
业务流程的改进
Better communication
更好的沟通
Less error rates
更低的错误率
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Challenges for Cost-Benefit Analysis
收益分析的挑战

IT projects often misunderstood as mere cost center
IT项目经常被误认为仅仅是成本中心

ERP purchase is strategic decision reflecting company goals
ERP系统的购买是反映公司目标的战略决策

Clarify how ERP system contributes towards company‘s quantitative and
qualitative goals (short- and long-term)
明确ERP系统要有助于实现公司的（短期的和长期的）定量的和定性的目标

Pay-off (ROI) may pay later than expected (IT maturity)
IT的收益（投资回报率）的显露可能比预计的要晚（IT成熟）
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Measuring IT benefits
度量IT收益的方法

Measures of IT benefits
收益的测量标准
Productivity: Input/Output
生产率：投入/产出
ROI = (Quantifiable Benefits - Costs) / Investment *100 (typically annualized)
投资回报率＝（可量化的收益－各项成本）/投资*100 （通常以年为单位）

Do not confuse with
不要与下列度量指标相混淆
Net Present Value (NPV): Present value of a project‘s cash inflows minus the present
value of the project’s cash outflows (in €):
净现值（NPV）：项目现金流入的现值减去项目现金流出的现值（欧元）
Payback: the point of time where an investment equals its net sales (in months);
Break-Even:
回收期：投资额等于净收入的时间点（以月为单位）；得失相当：
Payback period = Investments / (Quantifiable Benefits - Costs)
回收期＝投资额/（可量化的收益－各项成本）
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Sources of software: Buy vs Build?
软件的来源：购买还是开发
BUILD
开发
•

In-house development
内部开发

Outsourced
外包
BUY
购买
•

Packaged software producers
预组装的软件生产商
Commercial off the shelf (COTS)
不需定制的现成产品

Enterprise solution software
企业解决方案软件
E.g. ERP modules
比如，ERP模块

All-from-one-vendor vs. Best-ofbreed
从一家软件供应商处获得所需的全部
产品与从不同软件供应商处分别获得
其优势产品的比较
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Criteria for Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software(COTS)
选择现成软件（COTS）的标准

Cost: In-House vs. purchased
成本: 比较内部开发和购买

Flexibility： ease of customization
灵活性： 定制化的难易程度

Functionality: Mandatory,essential
and desired features
功能性: 必要的，基本的和想要的特征

Documentation: User documentation,
technical documentation
文档资料: 用户文档, 技术文档

Vendor Support:
Installation,Training, Technical
Support
供应商支持: 安装, 培训, 技术支持

Response Time
客户的服务时间

Ease of Installation
安装的难易程度

Viability of Vendor
供应商的竞争力
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Indirect costs are important
间接成本在选择软件时起到重要作用
Direct Cost
直接成本
•
Indirect Cost
间接成本
•

Software
软件和硬件

Peer support
同事的支持

Hardware


Support
支持成本
Casual learning
非正式学习

Staffing
人员成本
Formal training
正式培训

Application development
应用程序开发

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