Cellular Evolution - Department of Systems and Computer
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SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering CELLULAR EVOLUTION Halim Yanikomeroglu Department of Systems & Computer Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Canada H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 1 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Basics Importance of standards Tedious standardization process, amortization period delay Generations of technologies: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G Confusing terminology Role of ITU (circular letters) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 2 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular: Earlier Generations H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 3 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G: AMPS, 1983 H. Yanıkömeroğlu 2G: GSM, 1991 Page 4 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 3GPP Platform: “unites 6 telecom standard development organizations (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA, TTC), and provides their members with a stable environment to produce the highly successful Reports and Specifications that define 3GPP technologies”. (Other platforms and organizations: 3GPP2, IEEE, …) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 5 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G: AMPS, 1983 R99 2000 R4 2001 R6 R5 2002 2G: GSM, 1991 2003 2004 2005 2006 R9 R8 R7 2007 2008 2009 R10 2010 2011 R11 2012 2013 3GPP Platform H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 6 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look UMTS 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2008 R10 2010 2011 R11 2012 2013 LTE Adv 2002 R9 R8 R7 HSPA+ 2001 R6 R5 HSPA DL 2000 R4 HSPA UL R99 2G: GSM, 1991 LTE 1G: AMPS, 1983 3GPP Platform H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 7 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 UMTS 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2008 LTE 2002 R9 R8 R7 HSPA+ 2001 R6 R5 HSPA DL 2000 R4 HSPA UL R99 ITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter R10 2010 2011 R11 2012 2013 LTE Adv ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letter 3GPP Platform H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 8 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letter ITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter UMTS 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2008 LTE 2002 R9 R8 R7 HSPA+ 2001 R6 R5 HSPA DL 2000 R4 HSPA UL R99 4G: IMT-Advanced compliant R10 2010 2011 R11 2012 2013 LTE Adv 3G: IMT-2000 compliant 3GPP Platform H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 9 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations – A More Detailed Look 1G: AMPS, 1983 2G: GSM, 1991 ITU-R IMT-2000 circular letter ITU-R IMT-Advanced circular letter UMTS 3GPP Platform H. Yanıkömeroğlu 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2008 LTE 2002 R9 R8 R7 HSPA+ 2001 R6 R5 HSPA DL 2000 R4 HSPA UL R99 4G: IMT-Advanced compliant R10 2010 2011 R11 2012 2013 LTE Adv 3G: IMT-2000 compliant Release 12 Time Plan: •Stage 1 freeze – Mar 2013 •Stage 2 freeze – Dec 2013 •Stage 3 freeze – Jun 2014 Page 10 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations – HSPA and LTE Users 4gamericas.org H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 11 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Connections – 2G, 3G, 4G H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 12 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations DATA H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 13 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations Mobile device for everyone 4G Gbps 3G Mbps data 2G kbps 1G bps AMPS data data Source: Huawei (circa 2010) 1980 H. Yanıkömeroğlu 1990 2000 2010 2020 Time Page 14 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations 5G 4G Gbps 3G Mbps data 2G kbps 1G bps AMPS data ? Mobile device for everyone data data Source: Huawei (circa 2010) 1980 H. Yanıkömeroğlu 1990 2000 2010 2020 Time Page 15 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Cellular Generations 5G 4G Gbps 3G Mbps data 2G kbps 1G bps AMPS data ? Mobile device for everyone data data Source: Huawei (circa 2010) 1980 H. Yanıkömeroğlu 1990 2000 2010 2020 Time Page 16 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Direction 1: Highly Capable Terminals H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 17 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Direction 1: Highly Capable Terminals H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 18 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Direction 2: IoT – Integration of Physical and Digital Worlds H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 19 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Direction 2: IoT – Integration of Physical and Digital Worlds H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 20 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Access to Information Books Brick library H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 21 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Access to Information Books Brick library Internet library H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 22 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Access to Information Books Brick library Internet library Data of all sorts H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 23 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Access to Information Books Brick library Internet library Data of all sorts Easy access (I/F) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 24 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Access to Information Books Brick library Internet library Data of all sorts Easy access (I/F) Available before you ask/think H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 25 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Diversification of Applications and Scenarios Old Cellular: unimodal Optimized for one application in one scenario Voice, outdoor, high power, mobile H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 26 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Diversification of Applications and Scenarios Old Cellular: unimodal Optimized for one application in one scenario Voice, outdoor, high power, mobile New Wireless: multimodal Will have to be optimized for various applications in various scenarios Voice, video, haptics, 3D, … Outdoors, indoors Centralized, distributed/autonomous Scheduled, contention-based Human operated, MTC Rate – delay – reliability – energy … H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 27 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering 5G Requirements x10 – x20: Peak rates x100 – x1000: Area rates x10 – x100: Device density x0.1: Latency x10 – x100: Energy efficiency H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 28 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering 5G Requirements x10 – x20: Peak rates x100 – x1000: Area rates x10 – x100: Device density x0.1: Latency x10 – x100: Energy efficiency LTE-A is already a very ambitious standard Some of the above will have to wait for 6G! H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 29 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Latency in 3G & 4G Networks 3G H. Yanıkömeroğlu 4G Page 30 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolving Performance Metrics Bits/sec/Hz H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 31 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolving Performance Metrics Bits/sec/Hz Bits/sec/Hz/km2 H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 32 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolving Performance Metrics Bits/sec/Hz Bits/sec/Hz/km2 Bits/sec/Hz/km2/$ H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 33 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolving Performance Metrics Bits/sec/Hz Bits/sec/Hz/km2 Bits/sec/Hz/km2/$ Bits/sec/Hz/km2/$/joule H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 34 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time for 5G Research? 4G: 3GPP rel-8 (LTE), rel-9, rel-10 (LTE-A), rel-11, rel-12 (?), rel-13 (?) 5G: not defined at this point (keep an eye on EU framework program 8 projects: 2014 – 2020) Research 5G ? 10s-100s Gbps ? H. Yanıkömeroğlu Standardization 4G LTE, LTE-A, 802.16m Deployment 3G 1X EV-DO, HSPA, HSPA+ 2 - 56 Mbps 100 Mbps mobile 1 Gbps nomadic (IMT-Advanced compliant) Page 35 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 36 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Key Technologies for LTE/LTE-Advanced (R8, R9, R10) OFDM MIMO Spectrum aggregation HetNet, Relay [to be matured] CoMP (coordinated multipoint) [moved to R11] A number of LTE/LTE-A technologies are ahead of their time H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 37 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 38 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering 3GPP Release 12 Workshop Ljubljana, 11-12 June 2012 http://www.3gpp.org/Future-Radio-in-3GPP-300-attend Priority Areas Higher data rates More capacity Incredible resource State-of-the-art in 3GPP Complimentary Areas Energy saving Cost efficiency Support for diverse application and traffic types Backhaul enhancements H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 39 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering 3GPP Timelines Panasonic Samsung H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 40 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Some Key Technologies for beyond LTE-A Spectrum aggregation MIMO (multi-layer, adaptive beamforming) Multihop relaying Terminal relaying (cellular-assisted ad hoc) Advanced CoMP (cloud-RAN) HetNet (heterogeneous networks) SON (self-organizing, self-configuring, self-healing networks) FeICIC (further enhanced intercell interference coordination) Interference cancellation MUD (multiuser detection) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 41 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) Architecture WT WT BS WT WT Legend RoF Base Station RoF Wireless WT Terminal WT WT Fixed Relay Station Distributed Antenna Port Across network routing H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 42 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 • EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 43 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 • EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020) • 5G PPP – The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (2014) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 44 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 • EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020) • 5G PPP – The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (2014) • ITU WRC 2015 H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 45 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 • EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020) • 5G PPP – The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (2014) • ITU WRC 2015 • ITU circular letter: IMT-2020 • 5G H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 46 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Where We Are Now and Where We Are Heading To • R8, R9, R10 LTE/LTE-A • R11, R12 (Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Jun 2014), R13 • EU Framework Program 8, Horizon 2020 (2014 – 2020) • 5G PPP – The 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (2014) • ITU WRC 2015 • ITU circular letter: IMT-2020 • 5G • Beyond… H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 47 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales Near-term: Towards 2020 (4G evolution) Middle-term: Around 2020 (5G) Long-term: (5G evolution) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Beyond 2020 Page 48 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales Near-term: Towards 2020 (4G evolution) around the corner Middle-term: Around 2020 (5G) Long-term: (5G evolution) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Beyond 2020 Page 49 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1G 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G voice H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 50 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1G 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G voice data (video) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 51 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1G 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G voice data (video) IoE H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 52 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1G 1985 IoE concepts are ahead of technology 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G voice data (video) IoE H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 53 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1G 1985 IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G voice data (video) IoE H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 54 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1G 1985 IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G 2035 voice data (video) IoE H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 55 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1985 1G IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G 2035 voice L1 H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 56 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1985 1G IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G 2035 voice data (video) L1 H. Yanıkömeroğlu L2 Page 57 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1985 1G IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G 2035 voice data (video) L1 H. Yanıkömeroğlu L2 L3 Page 58 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1985 1G IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G 2035 voice data (video) IoE L1 L2 L3 VN cloud H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 59 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1985 1G IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G 2035 voice data (video) IoE L1 L2 L3 VN cloud computing H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 60 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1985 1G IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G 2035 voice data (video) IoE L1 L2 optimization L3 VN cloud math computing H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 61 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1985 1G IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G 2035 voice data (video) IoE L1 differential topology L2 L3 number theory VN cloud math machine learning AI H. Yanıkömeroğlu computing Page 62 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Time Scales 1980 1985 1G IoE concepts are ahead of technology no time! 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 4.5G 5G 5.5G 6G 2035 voice data (video) IoE L1 differential topology L2 L3 number theory VN cloud math machine learning AI H. Yanıkömeroğlu more people more resources more interdisciplinary more collaborations computing Page 63 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering ICT: Mother of All Sectors… Energy Health Entertainment Transportation Automotive Agriculture 5GICT Defence Education H. Yanıkömeroğlu Public Safety Hospitality Municipalities Page 64 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Resource Block (RB) RE：Resource Element Frequency domain: 15 kHz (one subcarrier) Time domain: one OFDM symbol (1/14 ms) frequency REG：RE group, REG = 4 RE One subcarrier time One OFDM symbol CCE：Control Channel Element, CCE = 9 REG RB：Resource Block RB = 84 RE This figure shows one RB: 7 OFDM symbols in time domain (0.5 ms, one slot) 12 subcarriers in frequency domain (180 KHz) Courtesy of Jing Dang H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 65 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering LTE-TDD Frame Structure One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms One slot, Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9 One subframe, 30720Ts DwPTS GP DwPTS UpPTS LTE-TDD DL/UL configuration DL-UL Configuration Switch-point periodicity UpPTS One Frame Subframe number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U 1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D 2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D 3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D 4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D 5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D 6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D H. Yanıkömeroğlu GP • Time duration: 10 ms • Two half frame (5 ms each) • 10 subframes (1ms each) • Two slots per subframe (0.5 ms each) Courtesy of Jing Dang Page 66 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Reuse and Interference • Channel reuse • Co-channel interference, multiple access interference • Radio access network (RAN) C3 C4 Denser frequency reuse Increased capacity Increased interference Decreased quality C2 C1 C5 C7 C3 C6 C4 C1 C2 C1 C5 C7 C6 H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 67 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Resource Reuse Schemes S3 S1 S3 S3 P ow e r S3 S2 S1 S2 P ower S2 S2 S1 S1 S2 b) Reuse 3 S3 S2 S3 S3 Po w e r S3 S1 F re q u e n cy F re q u e n c y S1 S2 P ower a ) Reuse 1 S2 S1 S1 F re q u e n cy c) SFR Soft frequency resue H. Yanıkömeroğlu d ) PFR F re q u e n cy Partial frequency reuse Page 68 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Intercell Interference Coordination (ICIC) Reuse factor: 1 / cluster size 1G, 2G: 1/7, 1/4 3G: 1/3 4G: 1 Ultimate reuse factor: 1 per cell (sector) Conventional static (a priori) resource allocation (scheduling): For the entire leased spectrum, or a big portion of it One reuse factor ICIC: Dynamic (aware) resource allocation for each RB, taking the channel and traffic into account Different reuse factor for each RB H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 69 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Dynamic Design • Static design: Can not cope up with channel and traffic variations • Static and a priori resource allocation Dynamic resource allocation C3 C4 C2 C1 C5 C7 C3 C6 C4 C1 C2 C1 C5 C7 C6 H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 70 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Dynamic Design • Static design: Can not cope up with channel and traffic variations • Static and a priori resource allocation Dynamic resource allocation C3 C4 C2 C1 C5 C7 C3 C6 C4 C1 C2 C1 C5 C7 C6 • ICIC: eICIC: FeICIC: H. Yanıkömeroğlu Intercell interference coordination (R8 – LTE) enhanced ICIC (R10 – LTE-A) Further enhanced ICIC (R11, R12) Page 71 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering 2G C3 C4 C2 C1 C5 C7 C3 C6 C4 C2 C1 C5 C7 C6 • Limited cooperation between APs (for handoff) • No cooperation between UEs • Interference: handle with fixed assignments not a great concern • RRM: easy; circuit-switched CBR applications power control • Perfect each AP-UE link PHY H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 72 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering 3G/3G+/4G• Limited cooperation between APs • No cooperation between UEs • Smaller cells • Denser reuse (every cell, every sector) • Interference: concern Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) • Scheduling: important H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 73 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering 4G • HetNets (femto-/pico-APs, relay) • Cooperation between APs (ICIC, eICIC) • No cooperation between UEs • Scheduling: very important • Interference: may become unpredictable, becoming a concern H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 74 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering 4G+/5G • Hi-HetNet (C-RAN, femto-/pico-APs, DAS, various types of relays including terminal relays) • Intense cooperation between select APs (feICIC, CoMP) • Cooperation between UEs • Interference: highly unpredictable (due to autonomous RRM decisions); major concern sophisticated, robust, good (not necessarily optimal) decisions partially centralized, partially distributed (opportunistically) learning (artificial intelligence) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 75 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering 5G+ • • • • • • • Indoors: # of APs >> # of UEs Short distance, dedicated links Optimized air interface 60-90 GHz carrier, FSO Highly directional antennas Super ultra rates Atto-cell + FTTDesk • Outdoor hot-spots: # of APs << # of UEs • Mesh connectivity • Issues similar to previous slide H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 76 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolution of Networks interference is a concern 1G 2G N=7 N=3 N: Cluster size ↓ H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 77 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolution of Networks interference is a concern 1G 2G 3G N=7 N=3 FFR N: Cluster size ↓ H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 78 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolution of Networks interference is a concern 1G 2G 3G N=7 N=3 FFR N: Cluster size ↓ H. Yanıkömeroğlu 4G ICIC, eICIC HetNet Page 79 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolution of Networks interference is a concern 1G 2G 3G N=7 N=3 FFR N: Cluster size ↓ H. Yanıkömeroğlu centralized – CRAN, VRAN 4G 5G ICIC, eICIC HetNet HiHetNet Page 80 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolution of Networks interference is a concern 1G 2G 3G N=7 N=3 FFR N: Cluster size ↓ H. Yanıkömeroğlu 4G 5G ICIC, eICIC HetNet HiHetNet centralized – CRAN, VRAN distributed/autonomous random access Page 81 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Evolution of Networks centralized – CRAN, VRAN 1G 2G 3G N=7 N=3 FFR N: Cluster size ↓ 4G 5G ICIC, eICIC HetNet HiHetNet distributed/autonomous random access Atto-cell interference is not a concern H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 82 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Small Cell Deployment H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 83 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Small Cell Deployment Interference H. Yanıkömeroğlu ↑ Page 84 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Stochastic Geometry Source: U of Texas, Austin H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 85 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Traffic Generation Maximum homogeneity: Lattice Sub-Poisson: perturbation Complete-randomness: Poisson Sub-Poisson Poisson Super-Poisson Super-Poisson: • Time domain: MMPP, HMM, HHMM (NHMM) • Space domain: Clustering Perturbation Courtesy of Meisam Mirahsan and Dr. Rainer Schoenen H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 86 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Advanced RAN with Advanced RRM Any fixed assignment is inefficient cannot adapt to or exploit channel and traffic conditions All decisions are dynamic and opportunistic No a-priori partitioning of radio resources No WT-BS assignment (dynamic routing in the mesh) Reuse may be > 1 Wired elements (BS, DA) and fixed relays: Cooperative RRM for interference management and avoidance Nomadic, moving, and terminal relays: Robust, distributed, plug-and-play, low-overhead, sub-optimum RRM algorithms cognitive radio (spectrum, OSA), dynamic feedback control, machine learning, artificial intelligence inter-disciplinary Very different from conventional cellular networks H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 87 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Shift in Emphasis A-RAN: Advanced radio access network HetNet, Cloud-RAN A-RRM: Advanced radio resource management (layer-2 & -3) cooperation, coordination, collaboration A-PHY: Advanced physical layer Well-integrated advanced RRM and advanced PHY in the presence of a powerful RAN, for • handling interference • handling non-uniform traffic • maximization of the utilities Cross-layer and across-network cooperation/coordination/collaboration link cell network (not cellular in the classical sense) H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 88 of 89 SYSC 5608 Wireless Communication System Engineering Emerging Tools Optimization, Stochastic Optimization ↓ Stochastic Geometry Game Theory ↓ Machine Learning, Control Theory ↓ Artificial Intelligence Ex: Cognitive radio: sense, decide, learn H. Yanıkömeroğlu Page 89 of 89
