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Unit Essential Question:
What events led to the
rise of absolute
monarchies and the
development of
centralized nation-states
in Europe?
AIM: How did Philip II extend Spain’s power
and help establish a golden age?
Do Now: Review from 9th Grade
*What do we already know about Spain by the start of the 1500s?
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Charles V Inherits Two Crowns

1516 – Charles I (16), grandson of Isabella
and Ferdinand, became King of Spain

1519 – other grandfather dies, Charles I
becomes the heir to the Hapsburg Empire
(Holy Roman Empire and Netherlands)

Name changes to Charles V

Ruling two empires involved Charles in
constant warfare

1556 – Charles V gave up his titles,
abdicates the throne and enters a
monastery

Divides his empire, gives Hapsburg
lands to brother Ferdinand &
Spain/Netherlands/overseas empire to
son Philip -> Philip II
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Philip II Solidifies Power

Philip II makes Spain the
foremost power in Europe.

42 year reign – expanded
Spanish influence, strengthened
Catholic Church, made his
power absolute.

Hardworking, devout and
ambitious
Escorial
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

Centralizing Power
Centralizes power – every
part of the government
responsible to him
Reigned as an absolute
monarch
 Divine Right
 “Guardian of the Roman
Catholic Church”
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
Rise of Spain
Philip’s strategies to expand:
 1. War
 Gained kingdom of Portugal
 2. Wealth
 Silver and gold from Americas
 3. Marriage
 Build alliances & pacify potential
enemies
 Problem: Renaissance women did
not live long
Philip II’s Marriages
Maria
Portugal
Anna
Austria
Mary “Bloody Mary’ Tudor
England
Elizabeth Valois
France
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Battles in the Mediterranean & the
Netherlands

Battle of Lepanto 1571 – Spain
defeats Ottoman fleet off coast of
Greece

Battled rebels for 21 years:
 Present day Belgium, the
Netherlands and Luxemburg
 Protestants and Catholics alike
opposed high taxes and autocratic
Spanish rule
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The Armada

To end English attacks and subdue
the Dutch Philip prepares a huge
armada

1588: Spanish Armada 130 ships,
20,000 men and 2,400 pieces of
artillery

English, under Queen Elizabeth I,
outmaneuvered the Spanish
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An Empire Declines

Throughout the 1600s, Spain’s strength and prosperity
decreased.
 1. Philip II’s successors ruled far less ably
 2. Economic problems
 3. Influx of American gold and silver led to soaring inflation
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Spain’s Golden Age

1550-1650 Spain’s Siglo de
Oro
 Brilliance of its arts and
literature

El Greco – famous painter

Miguel de Cervantes – most
important writer to Spain’s
golden age.
 Don Quixote – Europe’s first
modern novel
+ Activity
1.
2.
Independently read and annotate excerpt
of Don Quixote
Class discussion of novel and Medieval
Europe
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Let’s Summarize…
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AIM: How did France become the leading power of
Europe under the absolute rule of Louis XIV?
Do Now: Review from 9th Grade
*What do we already know about France by the start of the 1500s?
Religious
Strife
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 1560s-1590s: religious
wars
between the Catholic
majority and French
Protestants (Huguenots) tore
France apart
 St. Bartholomew’s
Day
Massacre: August 24th, 1572.
 Symbolizes complete
breakdown of order in
France
Henry
IV
Restores
Order
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 1589: Henry
IV, Huguenot
prince inherits throne
 To
end conflict he
converts to Catholicism
 Edict
of Nantes (1598):
grants Huguenots
religious toleration
Cardinal
Richelieu
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
1610: Louis III inherits throne (only 9!)
when Henry IV is assassinated

1624: Louis appoints Richelieu as his
chief minister
 Spends the next 18 years devoted to
strengthening the central
government
 Worked to destroy Huguenots and
nobles

Handpicked successor: Cardinal
Mazarin
An
Absolute
Monarch
Rises
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
1643: Louis XIV inherits throne at 5
years old

1661: Mazarin dies, 23 year old Louis
takes complete control of
government

“I Am the State” (“L’etat, c’est moi”)
 Divine Right to Rule
 Takes Sun as symbol of absolute
power

Estates General did not meet from
1614-1789
Strengthens
Royal
Power
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
Expands bureaucracy

Appoints intendants: royal officials
who collected taxes, recruited
soldiers, and carried out policies in
provinces

French army – strongest in Europe

Jean-Baptiste Colbert – imposes
mercantilist policies to bolster
economy
+ Versailles: Symbol of Royal Power

Versailles: immense palace
of Louis XIV built in
countryside of Paris

http://en.chateauversailles.fr/
homepage
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A Strong State Declines

Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years
 At end of his reign, France was the strongest state in Europe

Louis’s decisions eventually caused France’s prosperity to
erode
 1. Poured vast resources into wars to expand French borders
 2. Balance of Power
 3. Persecuting Huguenots – 100,000 fled France. Serious blow
to French economy
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Activity: Louis XIV and
Versailles
1. Class will read “A Day in the Life of the Sun King”.
2. With a partner complete part I (5 points)
3. Independently complete either option for part II (10 points)
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Let’s Summarize…
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AIM: How did the British Parliament assert its rights
against royal claims to absolute power in the 1600s?
Do Now: Review from 9th Grade
*What do we already know about England by the start of the 1500s?
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The Tudors (1485-1603)
-Worked with Parliament
Activity: Elizabeth: The
Golden Age
Video Clips and Discussion
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXCIMmpETaA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp5RBRjSAis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3Bq1h728X0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-7GoyusdtQ
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
The Stuarts
James I (1603) – agreed to rule
according to English laws and customs;
soon was lecturing Parliament about
“divine right.”
 Constant clash over money and foreign
policy
 Clashed with dissenters (Protestants)
who differed with the Church of
England
 Ex: Puritans
Parliament
&
the
Stuarts
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
1625: Charles I inherits throne
 Behaved like an absolute monarch

1628: Petition of Right
 Prohibits the king from raising taxes without Parliament’s consent
or from jailing anyone without legal justification

Charles signs, dissolves Parliament the next year and for 11 years
rules the nation without them.

1640: summons Parliament to suppress Scottish rebellion, they
launch their own revolt

The Long Parliament 1640-1653
 Its actions triggered the greatest political revolution in English
history
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The English Civil War

Between Parliament’s
“Roundheads” and Charles
I’s “Cavaliers”

Roundheads – led by Oliver
Cromwell

Parliamentary forces
eventually win around 1647

In 1649: Charles is executed
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=tqCFSg5xSw4
Link to video clip. Charles’
execution
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The English Commonwealth

Parliament (the House of
Commons), abolishes the
monarchy, the House of Lords, and
the Church of England.

Declares England a republic, or
Commonwealth, under the
leadership of Oliver Cromwell

Commonwealth falls apart in 1658
upon Cromwell’s death
 Groups in favor of monarchy
begin to gain power
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Oliver Cromwell – Monty
Python Lyrics
Lyric Analysis and Discussion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2b9KahZMOKM
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Monarchy Restored

Charles II works with Parliament
to repair shattered nation

Clash over wanting to restore
Catholicism to England

1678: Charles dissolves
Parliament and builds monarchy’s
power

James II – continues to push for
Catholic power and incites
backlash
 Flees England in 1688
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Glorious Revolution
 William
and Mary
become England’s
monarchs with
Parliament’s blessing
 English
Bill of Rights –
ensures the superiority
of Parliament over the
monarchy
 Creates
a limited
monarchy
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Constitutional Government
Evolves
 Constitutional
Government: a government whose power is
defined and limited by law
 Political Parties emerge
 The
Cabinet System: handful of Parliamentary advisors set
policy
 Office
of the Prime Minister: head of cabinet
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Let’s Summarize…
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AIM: How did the two great empires of Austria and Prussia
emerge from the Thirty Years’ War and subsequent events?
Do Now:
Review from 9th Grade: What was the Holy Roman Empire?
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The Thirty Years’ War

A series of wars

Began in Bohemia – Ferdinand (Catholic Hapsburg King)
sought to suppress Protestants and assert royal power
over nobles

Defenestration of Prague -> sparked a general revolt

What began as a local conflict widened into a general
European war.
 Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Poland,
Netherlands, Sweden
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The Thirty Years’ War

Mercenaries – soldiers for
hire
 Burned villages, destroyed
crops, killed without mercy

Murder & torture = followed
by famine and disease

Led to a severe
depopulation
 1/3 population in German
states loss
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The Thirty Years’ War

1648: Peace of Westphalia
 tried to bring about a general European peace and settle
other international problems

Outcome:
 France = winner
 Hapsburgs = lose Holy Roman Empire
 Netherlands and Swiss Federation become independent
states
 German lands divided into 360 separate states (remain
fragmented for 223 years)
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Hapsburg Austria
 Austria
– adds Bohemia,
Hungary, parts of Poland
and some Italian states to
their land.
 The War
of Austrian
Succession – Frederick II
of Prussia vs. Maria
Theresa
 Maria Theresa: preserves
empire and strengthens
Hapsburg power
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Hohenzollern Prussia

Prussia emerges as a new
Protestant power

Frederick William I – sets up
an efficient central bureaucracy
 Gives Prussian nobles
positions in the army and
government
 Forges one of the best-trained
armies in Europe

Frederick II – continues to use
disciplined army, forcing all to
recognize Prussia as a great
power
 “Frederick the Great”
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Rivalry of Great Powers
 1750
Great Powers –
 Austria, Prussia, France, Britain and Russia
 All formed alliances to maintain the balance of power
 Two
key rivalries:
 France v Britain
 Prussia v Austria
Silent Discussion
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Steps:
1) Students travel silently around the room,
choosing one of the issues to respond to at a
time. You then write responses silently.
2) Provide Specifics. Analyze the specific.
Explain WHY you believe the particular way
you do.
3) Next, students silently read the first
responses to the questions and counterrespond in writing to two or three of them.
4) When the silent response time is completed,
time can be used to read the responses out
loud, to elaborate orally on any of the issues
that cannot remain silenced and/or to evaluate
the experience.
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Let’s Summarize…
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AIM: How did Peter the Great and Catherine the
Great strengthen Russia and expand its territory?
Do Now: Review from 9th Grade
*What do we already know about Russia by the start of the 1500s?
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Byzantines
Vikings
Mongols
Influences
on Early
Russia
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The Ivans

Ivan the Great (III) – 1462-1505
 Driving force behind Moscow’s
successes
 Limit power of boyars (great
landowning nobles)
 Took title of czar “Caesar”

Ivan the Terrible (IV) – 1550-1584
 Centralized royal power
 Kept feudalism/manor system
 Completely unstable
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Peter the Great

1697 – Journeyed to the
West

Policy of westernization: the
adoption of western ideas,
technology and culture.

Became the most autocratic
of Europe’s absolute
monarchs
 Strengthen the military
 Expand Russian borders
 Centralize royal power
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Expansion Under Peter

Search for a warm-water
port

War with Sweden

St. Petersburg

Toward the Pacific
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Legacy of Peter the Great?
Does he deserve the moniker ‘the great’?
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Catherine the Great
A
German princess –
marries Czar Peter III
 An efficient ruler
 Ruthless absolute
monarch
 Partition (division) of
Poland
+ Peter I
1.
2.
3.
4.
Read biography of Peter the Great
Independently answer question #1
Discuss #1 with a small group
With a partner, create a speech
pretending you are Peter the Great
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Let’s Summarize…