Witness from Science--Biomimetics 科学见证--仿生学 Romans 1:20 “For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and “自從造天地以來、 神 的永能和神性是明明可知的、雖是眼不能見、但藉 著所造之物、就可以曉得、叫人無可推諉.” Godhead; so that they are without excuse:” Pastor Chui: I am indebted to numerous sources from the Internet.我要感谢许多来自互联网来源. http://ChristCenterGospel.org ckchui1@yahoo.com 4/13/2015 1 Academic Freedom is limited in America 美国学术自由是有限的 In 2008, Dr. Jerry Bergman published “Slaughter of the Dissidents, Volume I” which outlines the shocking truth about killing the careers of Darwin doubters. These include intolerance against Darwin skeptics, denial of earned degrees, public lynching, firings, and contract suspension. 2008年,杰里伯格曼博士发表的“持 不同政见者屠宰I卷”,其中概述杀害 怀疑达尔文的职业生涯令人震惊的事 实。包括针对达尔文怀疑,否定的获 得学位,公开私刑,解雇,合同中止 和不容忍。 4/13/2015 2 Raymond Damadian, First Patent in the Field of MRI, Lost the Nobel Prize In 1970, Raymond Damadian, a medical doctor and research scientist, discovered the basis for using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for medical diagnosis. He found that different kinds of animal tissue emit response signals that vary in length, and that cancerous tissue emits response signals that last much longer than non cancerous tissue. Less than two years later he filed his idea for using magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for medical diagnosis with the U.S. Patent Office, entitled "Apparatus and Method for Detecting Cancer in Tissue." A patent was granted in 1974, it was the world's first patent issued in the field of MRI. By 1977, Dr. Damadian completed construction of the first whole-body MRI scanner, which he dubbed the "Indomitable." 4/13/2015 3 雷蒙德Damadian-磁共振成像领域中的 第一个专利, 失去了诺贝尔文学奖 1970年,雷蒙德 Damadian,医生,科学家,发现了使用 作为医疗诊断工具磁共振成像的基础。他发现,动物组 织发出响应信号的各种不同长短不一,而癌组织发出响 应信号,持续更长的时间比非癌变组织。 不到两年后,他申请了作为一个与美国专利局有权,医 疗磁共振成像诊断工具,他的想法“检测组织肿瘤装置 和方法“。一个是1974年获得专利,它是世界上第一个 专利领域的MRI发行。到1977年,博士Damadian完成 了第一个全身磁共振扫描仪,这是他被称为建设“不屈 ”。 4/13/2015 4 Guillermo Gonzalez Lost His Job 吉列尔莫冈萨雷斯失去职位 享 有 特 权 的 行 星 4/13/2015 5 Caroline Crocker Lost Her Job Twice 加克罗克两次失去职位 Caroline Crocker came to doubt Darwinism not because of religion, but because of the immunology research she was doing for her Ph.D. Dr. Crocker taught at George Mason University for five years without problems. She also had 29 research papers to her credits, high student approval ratings, and several research grants. Her views in ID were rebuffed and finally fired. She obtained a teaching job at Northern Virginia Community College. Shortly afterwards, she was also fired after the college knew about the George Mason University dismissal. 4/13/2015 6 Professor Dan Scott Was Also Terminated 丹斯科特教授也失去职位 Professor Dan Scott obtained permission in writing from his department chair, Barbara Hull, to cover both sides of the evolution controversy. He wanted his students to obtain a balanced presentation so as to allow the students to draw their own conclusions. He never taught creationism and objectively taught evolution. His views on ID was his only “crime!” 4/13/2015 7 Best Qualified Candidate Expelled Over Views on Evolution, Design Dec 11, 2010 — For daring to question evolution, an astronomer who was the best qualified candidate to become director of a new observatory lost out. “No one d Dec 11, 2010 — For daring to question evolution, an astronomer who was the best qualified candidate to become director of a new observatory lost out. “No one denies that astronomer Martin Gaskell was the leading candidate for the founding director of a new observatory at the University of Kentucky in 2007 – until his writings on evolution came to light,” a report on CourierJournal reported. Martin Gaskell is suing the University, claiming that his views on evolution, religion and intelligent design cost him the position. 4/13/2015 8 最佳人选在设计观, 进化观被开除 -因为胆敢怀疑进化论 ,一个最佳 天文学家失去新的天文台台长候选人 。 “没有人会否认,天文学家马丁加斯克 尔是于2007年在肯塔基大学创始一个新的 天文台董事- 直到他的怀疑进化论著作曝 光后,” 信使报Courier-Journal报告。马 丁大学加斯克尔正在起诉,声称进化论, 宗教和智能设计的意见令他被开除。 2010年12月11号 4/13/2015 9 Science Was Founded by Creationists 科学是由创造论者建立 Modern science was founded by many Creationists who believed that the Almighty God laid down the laws by which the universe was created. Kepler, Newton, Maxwell, Faraday, Pascal, Galileo, and many others were creationists. 现代科学是由相信全能的神奠定了其中宇宙 诞生的许多法律创造论。开普勒,牛顿,麦 克斯韦,法拉第,帕斯卡尔,伽利略,以及 许多其他创造论者建立。 4/13/2015 10 The Great Creationist Scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) At age 19, he found an error in the mathematical table. At age 22, he obtained a B.A. in math at Cambridge. At age 26, he became the Chairman of Mathematics at Cambridge. He authored several famous science books. But he wrote much more in theology (over a million words), including Commentaries on the Book of Daniel and Revelation. He believed in 6-day creation. He also calculated the age of the Earth to be about 4004 B.C. For 40 years, he was religious while he was the Director of the Royal Society. 4/13/2015 11 伟大的创造论科学家 艾萨克牛顿爵士 (1643-1727) 19岁的时候,他发现数学表中一个错误。 22岁,他在剑桥大学获得数学学士学位。 26岁, 他成为剑桥大学数学主席。 他撰写的几个著名的科学书籍。但他撰写 在神学比科学书籍多(超过一百万字), 包括对丹尼尔和启示录评。他相信在6天 的创造 。他还计算出地球的年龄大约公元 前4004年。 40年来,他笃信宗教的 ,而 他是英国皇家学会主席理事。 4/13/2015 12 God’s Creation Can Inspire Us 神的创造能够激励我们 Every living or nonliving thing wants us to learn and to imitate, from the lowly bacteria to dinosaurs. Now, bacteria have been used to make insulin, to clean up the oil spill, and to make exotic drugs. 神的创造能够激励我们。 每一个活生命或无生命的东西要我们去学 习和模仿,从低等的细菌到恐龙。现在, 细菌已被用来制造胰岛素,清理漏油,并 作出罕见的药物。 4/13/2015 13 Biomimetics, also known as Bionics Biomimetics, also known as Bionics ( a term coined by an American air force officer in 1958), Biognosis, and Biomimicry, has been applied to a number of fields from political science to car design to computer science (cybernetics, swarm intelligence, artificial neurons and artificial neural networks are all derived from biomimetic principles). Generally there are three areas in biology after which technological solutions can be modeled: Replicating natural manufacturing methods as in the production of chemical compounds by plants and animals Mimicking mechanisms found in nature such as Velcro and "Gecko tape" Imitating organizational principles from social behavior of organisms like ants, bees, and microorganisms 4/13/2015 14 仿生学 仿生学(由美国空军军官在1958年创造的术语 ),已被应用到政治学领域,从汽车设计,计算 机科学(控制论,群智能,人工神经元和人工神 经网络都起源于仿生原则)。 一般有三种生物技术解决方案,可以模拟方面: •在复制的化学物质被植物和动物生产的自然生 产方式 •模仿机制存在于自然界,如尼龙和“壁虎胶带” •从喜欢模仿蚂蚁,蜜蜂社会行为的组织原则的 生物,微生物 4/13/2015 15 Centre for Biomimetic and Natural Technologies at the University of Bath Dr. Julian Vincent and his colleagues have devised a "biological patents" database that will enable engineers to directly tap into nature's ingenuity bypassing the need to consult with biologists that they have come to rely upon for insight into nature's workings. "The idea is that this database will let anyone search through a wide range of biological mechanisms and properties to find natural solutions to technological problems." Currently, Dr. Vincent estimates that "at present there is only a 10% overlap between biology and technology in terms of the mechanisms used" so there is a great deal of potential in this area. 4/13/2015 16 英国巴斯大学 为了利用自然界中的设计和过程,朱利安文 森特博士,和他的同事发明了一种“生物专利 “数据库,使工程师直接进军大自然的智慧绕 过需要咨询,他们能够放心走进大自然的运 作后,生物学家了解。 “我们的想法是,这 个数据库将允许通过的生物机理及性能广泛 寻求技术问题自然解决任何人的搜索。文森 特博士估计,“目前只有10%的生物学和技术 之间的重叠条款所用的机制,” 这方面的潜 力很大。 Biological Patents Database The biological patents database takes a different approach to providing examples of natural biological technologies which fulfill the requirements of a particular engineering problem. Instead of searching by a plant or animal's name, an engineer would query the database with a keyword like "propulsion" to get "a range of propulsion mechanisms used by jellyfish, frogs and crustaceans." Alternatively, an engineer can characterize "an engineering problem in the form of a list of desirable features that the solution ought to have, and another list of undesirable features that it ought to avoid.... So, for example, searching for a means of defying gravity might produce a number of possible solutions taken from different flying creatures but described in engineering terms. 'If you want flight, you don't copy a bird, but you do copy the use of wings and aerofoils,' says Dr Vincent.” 专利的生物库 专利生物库采用不同的方法满足特定生物工程 技术问题。举例, 不是由一种动物或植物的名称 搜索,工程师查询“推进动力”生物库获得“由水 母,青蛙和甲壳类动物使用的推进机制。“还有 其他的方法来使用数据库,在一个理想的功能 列表形成一个工程问题的解决,另一个不良功 能表上,还应该避免....所以,举例来说,寻找 一个不畏地球引力可能产生一种取自不同的飞 行动物,但在工程术语描述。'如果你想飞行中 ,你不要复制鸟可能的解决方案,但你使用复 制的翅膀和机翼,'文森特博士说。” Values of Biomimetics 仿生学价值观 While the system only contains about 2,500 "patents" at present, Dr Vincent aims to significantly expand the collection to help engineers identify natural systems and behaviors that might be useful in their engineering challenges. There is great hope that biomimetics will help mankind develop technologies that both reduce our impact on the environment around us and improve our quality of life. 尽管该系统目前只包含约2,500“专利”,文森特博 士的目标是扩大收集,以帮助工程师确定自然系 统和行为,可能是其工程挑战有用。有很大的希 望,仿生学将帮助人类开发新技术,既能减少我 们对我们周围环境的影响和改善我们的生活质量 。 4/13/2015 20 Some Examples of Biomimetics 一些仿生学的例子 Velcro resulted in 1948 from a Swiss engineer, George de Mestral, noticing how the hooks of the plant burrs stuck in the fur of his dog. •魔术贴导致1948年从瑞士工程师,乔治德 Mestral注意到如何毛刺钩厂在他的狗皮毛 卡住。 4/13/2015 21 Velcro was inspired by plant burrs Giraffe Bone Inspiration 长颈鹿骨灵感 Fraunhofer Institute in Germany found long bones that are lightweight and strong. Rather than working by a blind, unguided, aimless, purposeless process, they began with design requirements and computer models. Coming soon to a doctor near you: “medical orthopedic devices or anatomically formed body protectors such as lumbar support belts for skiers.” Climbing Plant Inspiration 攀登植物的启示 Tarzan made good use of lianas – the long, woody, vine-like plants good for swinging from tree to tree. Scientists at the University of Freiberg are finding inspiration for more sophisticated uses from them: self-healing materials. The “bionics experts” envision boats, tires, and air mattresses that can heal their own leaks. “When the lignified cells of the outer supportive tissues which give the plant its bending stiffness are damaged, the plant administers ‘first aid’ to the wound. Only in a later phase does the real healing process kick in and the original tissue grows back.” Circulatory System Repair Technology 循环系统修复技术 Animal circulatory systems inspired researchers at the University of Illinois to invent a different kind of self-healing material. Prof. Nancy Sottos and team looked at how blood vessels subdivide down to tiny capillaries; this led them to work on “impregnation of plastics with a fine network of channels, each less than 100 millionths of a metre in diameter, that can be filled with liquid resins,” “These ‘micro-vascular’ networks penetrate the material like an animal’s circulation system, supplying healing agent to all areas, ready to be released whenever and wherever a crack appears.” Slippery Slope Pitcher Plant 滑坡猪笼草 The pitcher plant has such a slippery inner surface, a bug landing on it doesn’t have a chance avoiding the digestive juice at the bottom. Harvard biologist Joanna Aizenberg who is looking at the pitcher plant as another “one of many strategies that nature created to manage and control the interaction with liquid.” Even insects with sticky feet that allow them to walk up walls can’t escape the pitcher plant’s slippery slope. Non-stick skillets, “self-cleaning windows, frictionfree oil and water transport pipes, and safe and efficient blood transfusion devices” Sundew Adhesive 茅膏菜胶粘剂 The sundew’s adhesive has Spiderman qualities. For example, it can stretch to one million times its normal size. Most rubber bands can stretch to only about six times their original length. This remarkable elasticity makes the adhesive dew secreted from the plant a potentially effective choice for coating replacement body parts, regenerating dying tissues, healing wounds and improving synthetic adhesives. It is so sticky and elastic that it’s also economical — less than a microliter (0.0002 teaspoons) would cover 25 square millimeters (about 0.04 square inches). Seaweed Battery 海藻电池 Kovalenko et al., reporting in Science, announced an environmentally-friendly battery material that uses brown algae: “We show that mixing Si nanopowder with alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from brown algae, yields a stable battery anode possessing reversible capacity eight times higher than that of the state-of-the-art graphitic anodes.” (Science 7 October 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6052 pp. 75-79, DOI: 10.1126/science.1209150). Orange Peel for Biodegradable Plastic 桔皮可生物降解塑料 One branch of biomimetics is using organic materials for new engineering purposes. PhysOrg, reporting on work at the University of York, asked, “what if we could make plastic from a recycled, natural, biodegradable source?” By zapping the orange peels with microwaves and converting into a gas, inventors have made a biodegradable plastic. Leaf Power 叶电源 MIT Prof Daniel Nocera is making progress with his “artificial leaf.” It can split water into hydrogen and oxygen, like leaves do in photosynthesis, but his device is made of silicon, cobalt, and nickel. Like leaves, though, his invention doesn’t need batteries, wires, or control circuits. But it’s still nowhere close to what plants can do. The discovery by Fleming and his research group that the phenomenon of quantum coherence is involved in the transport of electronic excitation energy presents what the authors say is a “challenge to our understanding of chemical dynamics.” Dragonfly Aircraft 蜻蜓飞机 Harvard biologist Stacey Combes is shown filming them in high speed to see how they accomplish their “high speed aerial feats” such as hunting and even reproducing in mid-air. In a mere half-second, a dragonfly can take off, snatch its prey, flip over, and return to its starting point. Fossil dragonflies look identical to modern ones, showing no evolution at all, and had wingspans of over two feet. It would seem coordinating four large wings and having near all-around vision hardly represents a primitive insect. “Engineers are looking to the dragonfly for inspiration in small-scale aircraft design.” Insect Wall Climber 昆虫爬墙 Berkeley scientists have created a robot that can climb up cloth. It looks so much like a living insect, it would scare a homemaker. PhysOrg included a video clip of it in action. “Berkeley, the Biomimetic Millisystems Lab is at the forefront of mimicking nature,” the article said. “Its lab mission is ‘to harness features of animal manipulation, locomotion, sensing, actuation, mechanics, dynamics, and control strategies,’ in its work with small lightweight millirobots.” Abalones, Diatoms, and Viruses 鲍鱼,硅藻和病毒 Inspired by abalones, whose shells are 3,000 times stronger than chalk (98% the same calcium carbonate but 2% added protein), and diatoms – both of which take elements from sea water and construct fantastically strong materials from them, MIT Prof Blecher applies a kind of directed evolution. She takes common raw materials and submits them to viruses programmed to create randomly-varying proteins, looking for the ones that will generate nontoxic, novel, environmentally-safe materials, by running 1 billion experiments at a time. This is intelligent design and not evolution. Rethinking Old Technology 老高科技的再思考 “Burning trees for power may seem backward, dirty, and environmentally hostile,” Mason Inman wrote, “But a high-tech new way of wood burning holds great potential to save energy, cut costs, and even fight global warming, a new study says.” In fact, advanced wood combustion technologies could supply more energy than hydroelectric dams without running out of trees. And did you know that wood burning is carbon neutral? All the carbon absorbed by wood is released back, with no net increase in atmospheric carbon. If coal and oil is reduced, there is a net reduction in carbon emissions. Cow Power 牛电源 Roasting cow patties seems as low-tech as cooking by campfire next to a covered wagon. But some farmers have found that roasting dried cow dung, under the appropriate conditions, is a great way to save money. Maggie Koerth-Baker on National Geographic News highlighted a farm in Minnesota that converts cow manure, kept free of oxygen and digested by bacteria, into clean energy that not only provides highquality fertilizer but energy independence. “Electricity from the digester powers their dairy, plus 70 other households.” No fossil fuels; living off the land; that sounds both ancient and modern. Next Generation Robots and Vehicles 下一代自主机器人车辆 The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), a research and development organization for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and NASA are studying the navigational systems and locomotive strategies of insects to design the next generation of autonomous robots and vehicles. •美国国防高级研究计划局(DARPA)为美国 国防部(DoD)美国能源部的研究和开发组织 ,美国宇航局正在研究昆虫的导航系统和机车 的战略来设计和下一代自主机器人车辆。 Imitating Insect Flight 模仿昆虫飞行 Whale Flipper Inspiration 鲸鱼鳍状肢启示 Using a wind tunnel, researchers have found that the flipper of the humpback whale is a more efficient wing design than the current model used by the aeronautics industry on airplanes. Engineers are working to apply the aerodynamic findings to future airplane and automotive design. 使用风洞,研究人员发现,座头鲸的鳍状 肢是一种更有效的航空业比上使用当前模 型飞机机翼设计。工程师正在努力运用空 气动力学研究结果对未来飞机和汽车设计 。 4/13/2015 38 Whale Flipper Inspiration 鲸鱼的启示 4/13/2015 39 Shark Skin Inspiration 鲨鱼皮启示 Engineers at Airbus, a European airplanemanufacturing firm, have used the rough skin of the shark as inspiration in developing a striated foil coating for the wings of aircraft, a design which has resulted in six percent less friction and improved fuel efficiency. 在空中客车公司,欧洲飞机制造公司的工 程师们在开发用于飞机的翅膀纹铝箔涂层 作为灵感鲨鱼皮肤粗糙,在百分之六减少 摩擦,提高燃油效率,导致设计。 4/13/2015 40 Shark Skin Inspiration 鲨鱼皮启示 4/13/2015 41 Sponge and Sea Star Inspiration 海绵和海星的启示 A research team at Bell Labs has found that tropical deep-sea sponge, Euplectella or Venus's Flower Basket, builds remarkably strong structures from extremely fragile materials. This discovery led to unique insights in the production of commercial fiber optic strands. The same team also looked to the visual systems of brittle stars -- sea creatures related to starfish and sea urchins -- for inspiration to improve lens design. •于贝尔实验室的一个研究小组发现,热带深海海绵, Euplectella或金星的花篮,从极其脆弱的基础材料的结 构非常强劲。这一发现导致了在商业光纤丝生产独特的 见解。从视觉系统 -海洋生物相关的海星和海胆- 对于提 高镜头的设计灵感。 4/13/2015 42 Gecko Feet Inspiration 壁虎脚的启示 "Gecko tape" is a product under development that has been inspired by the lizard's ability to climb up walls and walk along ceilings. The tape exploits "van der Waals forces" -weak intermolecular attractive forces -- by mimicking the tiny hair-like structures, called setae, that cover geckos' feet. •“壁虎胶带”是一个正在开发的产品,已 经由蜥蜴的能力,爬上墙壁和天花板走 的启发。胶带利用“范德华力” -通过模仿 的微小头发样结构,叫做刚毛,其范围 包括壁虎脚- 弱分子间的引力。 4/13/2015 43 Gecko Feet Inspiration 壁虎脚的启示 4/13/2015 44 Bombardier Beetle Inspiration 庞巴迪甲虫的启示 Scientists at the University of Leeds in Great Britain are studying the jet-based defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle to see if the insect can help them learn how to re-ignite a gas-turbine aircraft engine in mid-flight. The bombardier beetle is capable of spraying would-be predators with a highpressure stream of boiling liquid. 英国利兹大学的科学家正在研究庞巴迪甲虫 的喷射为基础的防御机制,看看昆虫可以帮 助他们了解如何重新点燃,在飞行中燃气涡 轮飞机发动机。庞巴迪甲虫喷洒想要成为一 个沸腾的液体高压流天敌的能力。 Boxfish Inspiration 盒子鱼的启示 DaimlerChrysler is developing a new high fuel efficiency concept vehicle based on the body shape of a boxfish, a common cube-shaped fish found in tropical marine habitats. The bionic car will offer 20 percent lower fuel consumption and up to 80 percent lower nitrogen oxide emissions according to a release from DaimlerChrysler. •戴姆勒克莱斯勒公司正在开发一种新的 燃油效率高的概念车在一个盒子鱼一样。 仿生车将提供百分之二十降低燃油消耗 和氮氧化物排放量降低百分之80 。 • Boxfish Inspiration 盒子鱼的启示 Spider Silk Inspiration 蜘蛛丝的启示 Spiders spin silk that is stronger than synthetic substances developed by man but require only insects as inputs. The US Army already made the spider silk equivalent as bullet proof vest and bunker walls. •蜘蛛吐丝,比人类所开发的化学合成 物质,但需要较强的昆虫只作为输入 。美国陆军已经取得的防弹背心和作 为掩体墙蜘蛛丝相同。 Diatoms Inspiration 硅藻的启示 Diatoms, microscopic phytoplankton responsible for about 40% of all the photosynthesis on Earth, make glass using silicon dissolved in seawater. Nanotechnology is making headway on this fact. •硅藻,微观浮游植物负责约40%地球上所 有的光合作用,使在海水中溶解的硅做玻 璃。纳米技术正在取得进展这一事实。 Abalone Inspiration 鲍鱼的启示 Abalone, a type of shellfish, produces a crackresistant shell twice as tough as ceramic from calcium found in seawater using a process known as bio-mineralization. Engineers are working on this amazing fact. •鲍鱼的贝类种类,产生裂纹耐壳的两倍, 从陶瓷强硬利用生物矿化过程称为海水 就含有钙。工程师正在研究这个惊人的 事实。 Trees Inspiration 树的启示 Trees "turn sunlight, water, and air into cellulose, a sugar stiffer and stronger than nylon, and bind it into wood, a natural composite with a higher bending strength and stiffness than concrete or steel," as noted by Paul Hawken, Amory and L. Hunter Lovins in Natural Capitalism. •树将阳光,水和空气进入纤维素,更硬和强 于的尼龙,并把它绑定到木材,天然复合材 料具有较高的抗弯强度和刚度比混凝土或钢。 Plants Inspiration 植物的启示 Countless plants generate compounds that fight off infection from fungi, insects, and other pests. Bioengineers are learning from God’s amazing creation. •无数植物生成的化合物击退从真菌,昆 虫和其它害虫感染。生物工程是学习从 神的奇妙创造。 Birds Inspiration 鸟类的启示 · Birds inspire engineers to design better aircraft and wing design 鸟类激发工程师设计更好的飞机及机 翼设计 Human Brain Inspiration 人类大脑的启示 Computer scientists construct neural networks based upon "the desire to mimic the human brain” 计算机科学家构建的神经网络“模拟人 类大脑” Cells and DNA Inspiration 细胞和DNA的启示 · The existence of cells and DNA serves as a source of inspiration for nanotechnologists, who hope to one day build self-assembled molecular-scale devices •细胞和DNA的存在提供了一个灵感的纳 米技术,希望有一天建立自组装分子级 设备 Feathers and Wings Inspiration 鸟类羽毛和蝴蝶翅膀的启示 Light refraction in bird feathers and butterfly wings modeled to create better display screens •光在鸟类羽毛和蝴蝶翅膀折射蓝本, 以创造更好的显示屏幕 Feathers and Wings Inspiration 鸟类羽毛和蝴蝶翅膀的启示 Self-sharpening Teeth Inspiration 自锐牙齿的启示 · Self-sharpening teeth on many animals, such as vertebrates and echinoderms, being copied to produce better cutting tools •在许多动物的自锐牙齿和棘皮类动 物,如脊椎动物,被复制到生产出更 好的刀具 Toe Pads on Tree Frogs Inspiration 树蛙的启示 Tire treads inspired by the shape of toe pads on tree frogs •轮胎胎面灵感来自树蛙脚趾垫片形 状 Self-healing Properties of Biological Systems Inspiration 生物系统自愈性能的启示 Engineers study self-healing properties of biological systems to produce polymers and polymer composites capable of mending cracks 工程师研究生物系统自愈性能,生产聚 合物和聚合物复合材料的修补裂缝的能 力 Polar Bear Inspiration 北极熊的启示 Polar bear-inspired furs, textiles, and thermal collectors • 北极熊启发毛皮,纺织品,收藏热 Moth Eyes Inspiration 蛾眼的启示 Studying the light refractive properties moth eyes to produce solar panels with less light reflection •研究蛾眼的光折射性质用太阳能电 池板的很少的光反射 Beetle Blade Inspiration 甲壳虫刀片的启示 The horn-shaped, saw-tooth design for lumberjack blades used at the turn of the 19th century to cut down trees when it was still done by hand was modeled after observations of a wood-burrowing beetle. It revolutionized the industry because the blades worked so much faster at felling trees. 19世纪,仍用手工完成树木, 伐木工人牛角 形锯齿叶片的设计是仿照了穴居甲壳虫刀片 的启示。革命性的行业,因为它的叶片在工 作快多了砍伐树木。 Cat's eye reflectors Inspiration 猫的眼睛反射的启示 Cat's eye reflectors were invented by Percy Shaw in 1935 after studying the mechanism of cat eyes. He had found that cats had a system of reflecting cells, known as tapetum lucidum, which was capable of reflecting the tiniest bit of light. 珀西肖在研究了猫的眼睛机制, 猫眼反射器 发明于1935年。他发现,猫有灵芝作为绒毡 层,这是反映哪怕一丁点的光反射能力称为 细胞的制度。 Leonardo da Vinci’s Contribution 达芬奇的贡献 Leonardo da Vinci's flying machines and ships are early examples of drawing from nature in engineering. 达芬奇的飞行器,船只是从工程的自然 绘图早期例子。 Arthropods Inspiration 节肢动物的启示 Resilin is a replacement for rubber that has been created by studying the material also found in arthropods. 肢弹性是橡胶替代已通过研究还发现 了节肢动物产生的材料。 Pinecones Inspiration 松果的启示 Julian Vincent drew from the study of pinecones when he developed in 2004 "smart" clothing that adapts to changing temperatures. "I wanted a nonliving system which would respond to changes in moisture by changing shape", he said. "There are several such systems in plants, but most are very small — the pinecone is the largest and therefore the easiest to work on". Pinecones respond to higher humidity by opening their scales (to disperse their seeds). The "smart" fabric does the same thing, opening up when the wearer is warm and sweating, and shutting tight when cold. Pinecones Inspiration 松果的启示 朱利安文森特引起的松果,当他在2004年研 究的“智能”服装,能够适应发展变化的温度 。“我想要一个无生命的系统,将反应在湿度 的变化,通过改变形状,”他说。 “有几个这 样的系统在植物,但大部分都是非常小, 松果 是最大的,因此,最容易工作。“松果响应较 高的湿度,打开他们的秤(驱散他们的种子 )。 “智能”的面料做同样的事情,开放时佩 戴者是温暖和出汗,冷的时候关紧。 Bird Wings and Fish Scales Inspiration 鸟的翅膀和鱼鳞的启示 "Morphing aircraft wings" that change shape according to the speed and duration of flight were designed in 2004 by biomimetic scientists from Penn State University. The morphing wings were inspired by different bird species that have differently shaped wings according to the speed at which they fly. In order to change the shape and underlying structure of the aircraft wings, the researchers needed to make the overlying skin also be able to change, which their design does by covering the wings with fish-inspired scales that could slide over each other. In some respects this is a refinement of the swing-wing design. Bird Wings and Fish Scales Inspiration 鸟的翅膀和鱼鳞的启示 “变体飞机的翅膀”,改变形状根据速度和飞 行时间在2004年设计了由宾夕法尼亚州立大 学的仿生科学家。该变形机翼的灵感是不同 的鸟,有不同形状的翅膀,根据他们的速度 飞行的物种。为了改变形状和机翼的基础结 构,需要作出覆皮肤也研究者能够改变,而 他们的设计覆盖鱼为灵感的鱼鳞,可以相互 滑动的翅膀一样。在某些方面,这是一个摆 动的机翼设计的改进。 Lotus Leaf Inspiration 荷叶的启示 Lotus leaf surface, rendered: microscopic view Some paints and roof tiles have been engineered to be selfcleaning by copying the mechanism from the Nelumbo lotus. 某些油漆和屋顶瓦片都被莲花自我清 洁设计 Lotus Leaf Inspiration 荷叶的启示 Cholesteric liquid crystals Inspiration 胆甾液晶的启示 Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) are the thin-film material often used to fabricate fish tank thermometers or mood rings, that change color with temperature changes. They change color because their molecules are arranged in a helical or chiral arrangement and with temperature the pitch of that helical structure changes, reflecting different wavelengths of light. Chiral Photonics, Inc. has abstracted the selfassembled structure of the organic CLCs to produce analogous optical devices using tiny lengths of inorganic, twisted glass fiber. Cholesteric liquid crystals Inspiration 胆甾液晶的启示 胆甾液晶是液晶薄膜材料常被用来制作 鱼缸温度计或情绪戒指,随温度的变化 改变颜色。它们可以改变颜色,因为它 们的分子排列在螺旋或手性安排,随温 度的变化对螺旋结构的间距,反映不同 波长的光。手性光子公司已提取的自组 装结构的有机胆甾液晶产生类似使用无 机玻璃纤维缠绕长度微小光学器件。 Butterfly Wings Inspiration 蝴蝶的翅膀的启示 Nanostructures and physical mechanisms that produce the shining color of butterfly wings were reproduced in silicon by Greg Parker, professor of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton and research student Luca Plattner in the field of photonics, which is electronics using photons as the information carrier instead of electrons. 纳米结构和产生蝴蝶的翅膀闪闪发光颜色分 别转载了硅的物理机制由帕克教授,电子与 计算机科学,南安普敦大学,研究生卢卡普 拉特纳在光电子领域,光子作为信息的载体, 而不是电子。 Blue Morpho Butterfly Inspiration 蓝色蝴蝶翅膀的启示 The wing structure of the blue morpho butterfly was studied and the way it reflects light was mimicked to create an RFID tag that can be read through water and on metal 模仿蓝色蝴蝶翅膀形态结构进行了研 究和反射光线的方式,创造一个无线 电频率识别标签,可在水中或金属上 读取 Butterfly Wings Inspiration 蝴蝶翅膀的启示 The wing structure of butterflies has also inspired the creation of new nanosensors to detect explosives. 蝴蝶翅膀的结构也激发了创造新的纳 米传感器探测爆炸物。 Neural Network Inspiration 神经网络的启示 Neuromorphic chips, silicon retinae or cochleae, has wiring that is modeled after real neural networks connectivity. 神经形态芯片,硅视网膜或耳蜗,拥 有真正的配线后神经网络模型连接。 Vegetation Inspiration 活植物的启示 Synthetic or "robotic" vegetation, which aids in conservation and restoration, are machines designed to mimic many of the functions of living vegetation. 合成或“机器人”植被,保护和恢复的 目的是模仿活植物的很多机器功能。 Gecko Feet Inspiration 壁虎脚的启示 Medical adhesives involving glue and tiny nano-hairs are being developed based on the physical structures found in the feet of geckos. 医疗胶粘剂胶水和微小纳米头发, 是基础上壁虎脚的物理结构。 Biological Viruses Inspiration 生物病毒的启示 Computer viruses also show troubling similarities with biological viruses in their way to curb program-oriented information towards self-reproduction and dissemination. 计算机病毒也表明,在他们的方式来 遏止方案面向自我复制和传播信息, 生物病毒令人不安的相似之处。 Termite Mound Inspiration 白蚁土墩的启示 The cooling system of the Eastgate Centre building, in Harare was modeled after a termite mound to achieve very efficient passive cooling. 在哈拉雷的东门中心大楼的冷却系统, 是仿照白蚁土墩达到非常有效的被动 式散热。 Hummingbird and Fly Inspiration 蜂鸟和苍蝇的启示 Through the field of bionics, new aircraft designs with far greater agility and other advantages may be created. This research in bionics may also be used to create more efficient helicopters or miniature UAVs. This latter was stated by Bret Tobalske in an article in Science about Hummingbirds . Bret Tobalske has thus now started work on creating these miniature UAVs which may be used for espionage. UC Berkeley as well as ESA have finally also been working in a similar direction and created the Robofly (a miniature UAV) and the Entomopter (a UAV which can walk, crawl and fly). Hummingbird and Fly Inspiration 蜂鸟和苍蝇的启示 通过仿生学领域,与更大的灵活性等优势, 新的飞机设计,可以创建。这种仿生学的研 究也可以用来创建更高效的直升机或小型无 人机。这说明后者是由Bret Tobalske在科学关 于蜂鸟的文章。布雷Tobalske因此,现在已经 开始建立这些可用于小型无人机的间谍工作 。加州大学伯克利分校以及欧空局也一直努 力,终于在一个类似的方向,创造了Robofly (一微型无人机)和 Entomopter(一无人机 可以行走,爬行和飞行)。 New solar fuel machine ‘mimics plant life’ 新的太阳能燃料机器模仿植物的生命 A prototype solar device has been unveiled which mimics plant life, turning the Sun's energy into fuel. The machine uses the Sun's rays and a metal oxide called ceria to break down carbon dioxide or water into fuels which can be stored and transported. Conventional photovoltaic panels must use the electricity they generate in situ, and cannot deliver power at night. The prototype, which was devised by researchers in the US and Switzerland, uses a quartz window and cavity to concentrate sunlight into a cylinder lined with cerium oxide, also known as ceria. Ceria has a natural propensity to exhale oxygen as it heats up and inhale it as it cools down. New solar fuel machine ‘mimics plant life’ 新的太阳能燃料机器模仿植物的生命 太阳能电池的原型设备已推出模仿植物的生命,把 燃料太阳的能量。 该机采用太阳的射线和一个叫铈金属氧化物分解成 可以储存和运输燃料的二氧化碳和水。 必须使用传统的光伏电池板的电力他们在原地生成, 并能在夜间不提供电源。 氧化铈具有天然的倾向,呼出氧气,因为它被加热 并吸气,因为它冷却下来。 如果作为原型中,二氧化碳和/或水的容器抽入, 会迅速的氧化铈带氧气从他们身上,因为它冷却, 创造氢和/或一氧化碳。 Thinnest ever camera sees like a trilobite 最薄的摄像头看到像三叶虫 An unusual arthropod eye design that maximizes image resolution has inspired the design of the thinnest stills and video camera yet made. At just 1.4 millimeters thick, the camera could replace those used in mobile phones, where space carries a hefty premium. It produces 0.38 megapixel images and has a wider field of view than the standard cameras on many phones. The compound eyes of most arthropods contain thousands of tiny lenses, each of which resolves light to a point on a photoreceptor behind. But some trilobites, an extinct class of arthropods common in the Paleozoic era, had an unusually small number of relatively large lenses. Thinnest ever camera sees like a trilobite 最薄的摄像头看到像三叶虫 一个不寻常的节肢动物眼的图像分辨率设计,最大限度地 激发了最薄的剧照和尚未作出摄像机的设计。 在只有1.4毫米厚,相机可以取代手机,在空间进行大幅 溢价使用的。它生产0.38万像素的图像,并拥有比许多手 机的标准摄像机的视线范围更广的领域。 大多数节肢动物复眼包含数千个微小的镜头,其中每个解 决光感受器上的落后点。但是有些三叶虫,一个在古生代 类节肢动物的共同灭绝,有一个比较大的镜头非常少。 每个镜头指向不同的方向,每个解决,而不是贡献了轻型 单点到最终图像的完整的图像在视网膜上。尽管这刺激的 镜头数量较少的图像总分辨率。 Trilobite Camera Andreas Brückner of the Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Optics and Precision Engineering in Jena, Germany, wondered whether designing a camera to work in the same way could likewise provide high-resolution, clear images in a tiny device. Along with his colleagues, he designed an electronic cluster eye that can take 221 miniature images – each 39 pixels to a side – which are then stitched together into a single image of 700 by 550 pixels. This is not the first compound-eye-inspired camera to be created. Earlier designs involved taking several hundred lowresolution images of the same scene, and using a "superresolution technique" to create a final, higher resolution image. 三叶虫相机 安德烈亚斯的弗劳恩霍夫应用光学精密工程研究所 和德国耶拿,布鲁克纳想无论是设计一个摄像头工 作在同样的方式也可以在一个微小的装置提供高解 析度,清晰的图像。 随着他的同事,他设计了一个电子眼,可以采取群 221微型影像- 每39个像素边- 这是再缝合成一个单 一的形象在一起的700x550像素。 这不是第一个化合物眼启发的相机被创建。早期的 设计涉及到几百个低分辨率的同一场景的图像,并 使用“超分辨率技术”创造一个最终的,分辨率更高 的图像。 Raven Inspiration 乌鸦的启示 Bird gloss: Ravens have what scientists at the University of Akron in Ohio want: glossy materials. Nevermore shall ravens be despised members of the bird order; according to PhysOrg, their feathers have thin layers that cause light interference, producing a sheen that glistens even though the surface is rough. That could be useful to inventors needing a glossy look for materials that cannot be polished. 鸟光泽:乌鸦在俄亥俄州阿克伦大学科学家的希望 是什么:光面材料。永不复还应当乌鸦就鄙视鸟秩 序的成员,据PhysOrg,他们的羽毛已造成光的干 涉,产生光泽的闪亮,即使表面粗糙薄层。这可能 是有用的发明需要一个不能被抛光材料光泽的。 Honeybee Eyes Inspiration 蜜蜂的眼的启示 Honeybee aerobatics: By imitating the optical flow of honeybee eyes, researchers at the University of Queensland are inventing plane navigation systems that can perform complex maneuvers, PhysOrg reported. 蜜蜂特技飞行表演:通过模仿蜜蜂的 眼睛光流,在昆士兰大学的研究人员 发明了飞机的导航系统能够进行复杂 的机动,PhysOrg报告。 Fly Inspiration 苍蝇的启示 Fly navigation: With help from the Air Force, Caltech scientists, similarly, are studying fly vision to learn better flight attitude control. It would be enough to improve flight stabilization and navigation from our tiny winged neighbors; “However, with a tiny brain they are able to perform a variety of tasks such as finding food and mates despite changing light levels, wind gusts, wing damage, and so on.” 苍蝇 导航:由空军的帮助下,加州理工学院的科学家, 正在研究飞行眼光来学习更好的飞行姿态控制。这将是足 以改善飞行稳定,并从我们的邻居小翼导航,“然而,在 一个微小的 脑 它们 能够执行诸如发现,尽管不断变化的 灯光亮度,狂风,翼损坏,食物和配偶各种不同的任务。” Bird Soaring Inspiration 鸟邻飙升的启示 Bird-o-soar: Soaring is better than flapping, reported PhysOrg. Researchers at Hebrew University of Jerusalem are equipping birds with transmitters to learn more about their flight efficiency. They are finding that small birds benefit from gliding as much as large birds. 鸟邻飙升:翱翔比扑好,报道PhysOrg。 在耶路撒冷希伯来大学的研究人员配备 发射机鸟类,了解他们的飞行效率了。 他们发现,小鸟儿从滑翔受益如同大鸟。 Bacterial Biofuel Inspiration 细菌生物燃料的启示 Bacterial biofuel: A subset of biomimetics is employing organisms directly. Science Daily said that scientists at Concordia University are trying to engineer Lactobacillus lactis, the organism that helps make cheese from milk, into a workhorse “to transform plant material into biofuels or other chemicals.” 细菌生物燃料:一种是采用仿生物一个直接 子集。科技日报说,在康考迪亚大学的科学 家们正在试图工程师乳杆菌,成主力,帮助 使机体从牛奶奶酪,“转变成生物燃料或其他 化学物质的植物材料。” One-celled Protozoa Inspiration 单细胞原生动物的启示 Bacterial sensors: Scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution are recruiting bacteria to test water quality. According to Science Daily, their “revolutionary Swimming Behavioral Spectrophotometer (SBS) ... employs one-celled protozoa to detect toxins in water sources.” The contraption, which monitors the swimming ability of the germs as indicators of water quality, could some day monitor all the drinking water in the world, with instantaneous feedback and continuous response. The Department of Defense is very interested. One-celled Protozoa Inspiration 单细胞原生动物的启示 细菌传感器:在伍兹霍尔海洋学研究所 的科学家正在招募细菌检验水质。据科 学日报,他们的“革命游泳行为分光光度 计(SBS)...采用单细胞原生动物,检测 水源的有毒物质。它作为监测水质细菌 指标的游泳能力,可以监控所有在世界 上饮用水即时反馈和持续反应水。国防 部很感兴趣。 Butterfly Inspiration 蝴蝶的启示 Butterfly medic: “Butterfly-Inspired Patch May Alert Soldiers to Brain Injury” reads a headline on Live Science, describing how “A color-changing patch modeled after the iridescent wings of butterflies could give soldiers a heads-up on the severity of injuries sustained on the battlefield,” thanks to work at the University of Pennsylvania. 蝴蝶卫生员:“蝴蝶的启发补丁警报士兵脑损 伤”Live科学标题,描述如何“颜色变化的补 丁后,虹彩蝴蝶翅膀的蓝本可以给士兵们元 首对受伤的严重程度持续了在战场上,”宾夕 法尼亚大学研究 。 Spider Webs Inspiration 蜘蛛网的启示 Silk drop control: Remember how spider webs collect dew by causing water droplets to bead up due to the nature of the proteins in the silk? Nature reported that Chinese scientists are trying to imitate this trick with synthetic silks. 丝绸降控制:记住如何收集蜘蛛网通过 使水滴结成水珠由于在蚕丝蛋白的性质 露水呢?自然科学家报告说,中国正试 图模仿这个人造丝绸把戏。 Earthworm Biohazard Inspiration 蚯蚓生物危害的启示 Earthworm biohazard sensors: Why build electronic sensors to detect hazmat (hazardous materials), when earthworms can be hired to do it? Science Daily reported that researchers in Venezuela and Argentina are studying the “viability of using earthworms to process hazardous material containing high concentrations of heavy metal for the bioremediation of old industrial sites, landfill and other potentially hazardous areas.” This offers an “alternative to complex and costly industrial cleanup methods, the team suggests.” Earthworm Biohazard Inspiration 蚯蚓生物危害的启示 蚯蚓生物危害传感器:为什么要建立电 子传感器探测危险品,当蚯蚓能够这样 做?科学日报报道,在委内瑞拉和阿根 廷的研究人员正在研究的“利用蚯蚓来处 理有害物质含旧工业区,垃圾填埋场和 其他潜在危险地区的生物修复重金属高 浓度的可行性。” 这提供了一个“替代复 杂和昂贵的工业净化方法。 Neurons Inspiration 神经元的启示 Neuron computers: Live Science reported how researchers at Boston University are bringing the world closer to silicon-free computers that use memristors, which “behave like neurons in many ways,” toward new digital brains. 神经元计算机:波士顿大学的研究人 员如何是使世界更接近无硅忆阻器的 计算机上使用,这“在很多方面像神 经元,” 制造新的数字大脑。 Bacteria Inspiration 细菌的启示 Bacterial computers: Imagine being able to program bacteria to act as logic circuits for organic computers. That’s what researchers at the University of California at San Francisco are counting on, according to Science Daily. 细菌计算机:想象一下,能够作为计 划细菌有机计算机逻辑电路。这就是 在位于旧金山的加利福尼亚大学的研 究人员都指望,据科学日报。 Ant Inspiration Ant computers: How do ants solve puzzles so well? They can always find the shortest route to a target, even when a barrier is put in the way. Scientists at the University of Sydney are curious, so they have built mazes to learn how the “humble ant is capable of solving difficult mathematical problems.” The headline reads, “Next generation of algorithms inspired by problem-solving ants.” Supercomputer programmers who humble themselves like the ant might learn how to adapt to changing conditions and barriers, both by exploratory behavior and signals left in the path, such as the pheromone molecules that help ants remember previous trials without backtracking. One team member commented, “Even simple mass-recruiting ants have much more complex and labile problem solving skills than we ever thought.” Ant Inspiration 蚂蚁的启示 蚂蚁电脑:蚂蚁如何解决难题这么好?他们总能找 到一个目标最短的路线,即使在屏障的方式表决。 在悉尼大学的科学家们正在好奇,所以他们已经建 立的迷宫学习如何“谦虚蚂蚁是解决困难的数学问 题的能力。”标题内容,超级计算机程序员“所解决 问题的蚂蚁。启发算法下一代”谁自卑像蚂蚁可能 会学到如何适应不断变化的条件和障碍都以探索行 为和路径左侧信号,如信息素分子,帮助蚂蚁记住 过去的研究没有走回头路。一位队员说:“即使是 简单的大规模招聘蚂蚁更加复杂和不稳定的问题, 解决问题的能力比我们没有想过。” Virus Inspiration 病毒的启示 Viral batteries: “Viruses have a bad reputation--and rightly so,” began an article on PhysOrg, but researchers at the University of Maryland are “turning the tables, harnessing and exploiting the ‘self- renewing’ and ‘self-assembling’ properties of viruses for a higher purpose: to build a new generation of small, powerful and highly efficient batteries and fuel cells.” 病毒电池:“病毒有一个坏的声誉 -这是正确的,” PhysOrg一篇文章,但在美国马里兰大学的研究人 员是对病毒性“治理和利用的'自我更新'和'自组装' 有更高目标:建设一个小,功能强大,高效的电池 和燃料电池的新的一代。” Starfish Inspiration 海星的启示 Starfish medical breakthrough: Watch a video at BBC News to learn how asthma, hay fever and arthritis may get new effective treatments, thanks to starfish. Imitating the slimy goo on starfish surfaces could help reduce inflammation on blood vessels, researchers at King’s College London said. “The starfish have effectively done a lot of the hard work for us.” 海星医学突破:在英国广播公司新闻观看视频, 了解如何哮喘,花粉热和关节炎可能会得到新的有 效治疗方法,由于海星。表面上模仿海星泥泞的粘 质有助于减少血管炎症,在伦敦大学国王学院的研 究人员说。 “海星有效地为我们做了很多艰苦的工 作。” Mollusk Shell Inspiration 软体动物壳的启示 Bones and cones: From the spiral cones of molluscs to the bones and teeth of vertebrates, biominerals form a variety of lightweight yet tough materials. Science Daily discussed how researchers at the Ohio Supercomputer Center are studying “nature’s ability to form complex structures, such as bones, teeth and mollusk shells, from peptides.” This could lead to breakthroughs in “bone replacement, sensing systems, efficient energy generation and treatment of diseases.” 骨骼和视锥细胞:从到脊椎动物的骨骼和牙齿的螺旋锥软 体动物,生物矿物形成轻质而坚固的材料等。科学日报讨 论如何在俄亥俄州超级计算机中心的研究人员正在研究“ 自然的能力,形成复杂的结构,如骨骼,牙齿和软体动物 贝壳肽。“这可能导致突破“骨头置换,传感系统,高效的 能源产生和处理疾病。” God’s Wonders Are Unlimited 上帝的奇妙是无限的 God’s wonders are unlimited. Let us give all glory to Him as we learn more about Him. Science should give all credits to God as the early founders of modern science have done in the last several hundred years. 上帝的奇妙是无限的。让我们把一 切荣耀归给他,科学让我们了解他 更多。科学应归功于上帝, 正如早期 科学创始人在过去几百年一样 。