ACADs (08-006) Covered
3.3.3.9
3.3.3.12
3.3.8.22
3.3.10.1
3.3.10.2
3.3.10.3
3.3.10.5
3.3.10.6
3.3.10.7
3.3.10.8
3.3.10.9
3.3.10.10
3.3.10.13
3.3.10.14
3.3.10.15
3.3.10.18
3.3.10.19
3.3.11.7
3.3.11.8
3.3.11.9
3.3.11.12
3.3.11.13
3.3.11.15
3.3.11.16
3.3.11.18
3.3.11.19
3.3.11.20
3.3.11.23
3.3.11.24
3.3.11.25
3.3.11.28
3.3.11.29
3.3.11.30
3.3.11.31
3.3.11.32
3.3.11.34
3.3.11.36
3.3.11.39
3.3.11.40
3.3.11.41
3.3.11.42
3.3.14.2
3.3.14.3
3.3.14.7
3.3.14.8
3.3.14.9
3.3.14.10
3.3.14.16
3.3.14.19
3.3.14.20
4.11.7
4.11.10
Keywords
Interpersonal Relations, Pre-job preparation, Area controls, Special Considerations,
Airborne Radioactivity, Airborne Controls, Airborne Monitoring, Protective Clothing,
Respiratory Protection, Dosimetry, Work Documents, Radioactive Material Handling,
Radioactive Waste, Shipping Radioactive Material
Overview
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Interpersonal Relations
Pre-job preparation
Area controls
work Coverage
Duties and Responsibilities
General controls
Overview
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Special Considerations
Airborne Radioactivity
Airborne Controls
Airborne Monitoring
Protective Clothing
Respiratory Protection
Dosimetry
Overview
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Work Documents
Radioactive Material Handling
Radioactive Waste
Shipping Radioactive Material
Interpersonal Relations
• Interpersonal Relations
• Book Report: Dale Carnegie How to
Win Friends and Influence People
Interpersonal Relations
• Discuss and demonstrate the
interpersonal skills required for
successful performance of duties in
the following situations:
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Job coverage
Control Point
Control Point
Satellite control point
Dealing with problems during work
coverage
Pre-Job Preparation
• Evaluate the use of temporary shielding for
specific jobs applications.
• Shielding for different radiation types
– Alpha
• Paper
• Layer of dead skin
Pre-Job Preparation
– Beta
• Low Z-number material
– Plastic
– Aluminum
Pre-Job Preparation
– Gamma
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High Z-Number material
Lead
Steel
Depleted Uranium
Pre-Job Preparation
– Neutron
– Hydrogenous material
» Water
» Oil
– Neutron absorbers
» Boron
» Borated materials
Pre-Job Preparation
• Scenario
• Job: QA walkthrough and inspection of area
housekeeping and cleanliness. Includes
inspection of several rooms including one
room posted High Radiation Area. The
inspection of the valve room is expected to
take less than five minutes.
Pre-Job Preparation
• Room: Remotely operated valve in the
middle of an 8’x8’ room has a contact dose
rate of 500 mrem/hour and a 30-cm dose
rate of 150 mrem/hour.
Pre-Job Preparation
• Should we consider shielding the valve for
the inspection?
• Why or why not?
Homework
Pre-Job Preparation
• Job: Disassemble pump in a High Radiation
Area pump room. At any given time there
will be up to five people in the room. The
job is expected to take approximately two
weeks from start to finish, with
approximately 400 man-hours spent in the
room.
Pre-Job Preparation
• Room: contains four pumps and
associated piping. Several hot spots
from 300 mrem/hour to 2000
mrem/hour.
Pre-Job Preparation
• Should we consider shielding the hot spots?
• What factors need to be considered?
Pre-Job Preparation
• Considerations:
– Structural strength of the piping where shielding will be
hung
– Do we shield all the hot spots?
– Just the hottest ones?
– Just the ones closest to the work?
– Is shadow shielding possible?
– Are there other methods for reducing exposure that
might work for this evolution?
Pre-Job Preparation
• Describe the in-process radiological surveys
to be performed under various radiological
conditions, including radiation surveys,
contamination surveys, and airborne
radioactivity surveys.
Radiation Surveys
• Radiation surveys
• Establishing area conditions and low-dose standby
areas
• Movement of sources
• Concentration of sources
• Operating valves
• Entry into previously unsurveyed areas
Where to Survey
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Components being worked on
Nearby piping and components
Locations where workers are positioned
Path to and from the work site
Low dose areas
Hot spots
Potentially transient dose rate areas (resin
lines, drain lines, movement of sources).
Contamination Surveys
• Opening systems
• Exposing surfaces
• Entering unsurveyed areas
Where to Survey
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Surfaces being worked on
Nearby piping and components
Locations where workers are positioned
Path to and from the work site
Newly exposed surfaces
Potentially contaminated surfaces
Air Sampling
• Work in high contamination
• Work with the potential to cause airborne
radioactivity
• Other work in the area or plant conditions
may cause airborne radioactivity
• Verification (Negative data)
Where to Survey
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Breathing zone
Downwind of source
General area
Outside of posted area to verify posting
Unexpected
Levels
• Higher than expected dose rates
• Higher than expected contamination levels
What do you do?
• Reevaluate
– Dosimetry
– Controls
– Shielding
– Survey frequencies
– PPE requirements
What Else?
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Review available dose of crew
Consider stopping the job
May need a new RWP
Resurvey with a different instrument
Context
Area Controls
• Discuss proper job coverage and radiological
protection measures for high-exposure jobs
and potential high-exposure jobs, such as
the following:
Area Controls
• Steam generator maintenance (PWR)
• Reactor coolant pump seal replacement
(PWR)
• Reactor water cleanup pump maintenance
(BWR)
• Recirculation pump seal replacement (BWR)
Area Controls
• Reactor internal pump maintenance (ABWR)
• Control rod driver maintenance (BWR and
ABWR)
• Diving operations
• Spent resin transfer operations
Area Controls
• Spent fuel movements
• In-core detector maintenance
• Work in or around the spent fuel pool
Area Controls
• Describe actions required when personnel
leave a work site upon completion of
radiological work, such as:
Area Controls
• Packaging, marking, and transferring
contaminated tools, equipment, and trash
• Removing protective clothing
• Monitoring for contamination
• Returning special dosimetry
• Signing out of the RWP
• Notifying radiological protections personnel
of job completion
Context
Work Coverage
• Discuss plant access control procedures for
entry into the following for the performance
of work:
Work Coverage
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Controlled Area
Radiological Restricted Area
Restricted Area
Radiation Area
Work Coverage
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High radiation area
Very high radiation area
Contaminated area
Airborne radioactivity area
Work Coverage
• Discuss requirements for conducting prejob
briefings for radiological work
• Include discussion of the following:
Work Coverage
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When are briefings required
Frequency of briefings for ongoing work
Required attendance (who has to be there?)
Items to be dicussed
Importance of resolving all questions
Work Coverage
• Explain actions to be taken if work scope
changes from RWP.
Work Coverage
• Explain actions to be taken if work location
differs from RWP.
Work Coverage
• Explain the importance of Stop Work
Authority.
• Describe the appropriate use of Stop Work
Authority
Context
Duties and Responsibilities
• Describe the methods used to invoke
radiological protection requirements, such
as
Duties and Responsibilities
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Steps in written procedures
Radiation work permits
Verbal instructions from the supervisor
Verbal instruction from radiological
protection personnel.
Duties and Responsibilities
• Explain the responsibilities of the following
personnel regarding specifying, complying
with, monitoring, and enforcing radiological
protection and ALARA requirements:
Duties and Responsibilities
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Worker
Worker Supervisor
Radiological Protection Technician
RPT Supervisor
Duties and Responsibilities
• Discuss the conditions under which each of
the following is to be invoked during
radiological work:
Duties and Responsibilities
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Continuous RPT coverage
Intermittent RP technician coverage
RP technician present at start of job
No RP technician coverage
Advanced radiation worker coverage
General Controls
• Identify the pre-job radiological survey
requirements for the work operation to be
performed. Based on the results of the prejob surveys and the scope of work, identify or
evaluate the need for the following:
General Controls
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Formal ALARA review
Pre-job briefing
Dosimetry placement
Protective clothing
Respiratory protection
General Controls
• Special controls for:
– Contamination control
– Exposure reduction
– Airborne
• Continuous coverage
• In-process surveys
• Radiological hold points
General Controls
• Describe precations to control airborne
radioactivity:
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Special ventilation
Containment devices
Area decontamination
Work underwater, or keep surface wet
General Controls
• Describe precautions to be used to minimize
the spread of radioactive contamination
– Containment devices
– Protective clothing
– Disposable coverings in job site preparation
General Controls
• Describe special precautions to control or
reduce exposures, such as:
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Use of stay times and timekeepers
Continuous coverage
Alarming dosimeters or dose rate meters
Temporary shielding
Low dose waiting areas
Removal of sources
Airborne Radioactivity
• Identify the isotopes of primary concern for
airborne radioactivity
– H3, Co-58, Co-60, Cs-134, Cs-137, I-131
Airborne Radioactivity
• Describe the Requirements for posting
airborne radioactivity areas (10CFR20)
• Explain the differences between different
types of airborne radioactivity (particulate,
iodine, tritium and noble gases)
• Explain the differences in monitoring different
types of airborne radioactivity
Airborne Radioactivity
• Describe the method for determining the
derived air concentration (DAC), DAC-hours,
and annual limit on intake (ALI) for a worker in
an airborne radioactivity area.
Airborne Controls
• Identify work situations and practices that
could produce airborne radioactivity, such as:
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Opening a contaminated system
Working in highly contaminated areas
Cutting, grinding, or welding on contaminated surfaces
Leaks from contaminated systems
Airborne Controls
• Describe controls that can reduce exposure to
airborne radioactivity
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Filtered ventilation
Decontamination
Containment devices
Repair leaks
Work under water or keep work wet
Respirator (last resort)
Airborne Monitoring
• Explain the difference between low-volume,
high-volume, and lapel air samples.
• Explain how and when each is used.
Airborne Monitoring
• Discuss the differences between paper filters
and charcoal filters and when each is used.
• Discuss the purpose of using a continuous air
monitor and identify situation in which
continuous air monitors are to be used
• Evaluate trends in airborne radioactivity
based on sampling results
Airborne Monitoring
• Discuss methods for tracking exposure to
airborne radioactivity, including:
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Levels at which monitoring is required
Sampling requirements
Use of protection factors
Documentation of exposure,
Timekeeping
Reporting and summing exposures
Context
Protective Clothing
• Identify and explain the factors determining
the need for and type of protective clothing
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Contamination levels
Position of the worker
Presence of airborne radioactivity
Presence of liquid
Type of work
Environmental conditions and “total risk.”
Protective Clothing
• Identify measures to take when protective
clothing is used in conditions that could result
in heat stress.
Respiratory Protection
• Define protection factor (10CFR20)
Respiratory Protection
• Identify the protection factors, advantages
and disadvantages of the following
respirators:
• Full-face Negative Pressure
• Full-face positive pressure
• Full-face-airline
• Airline (bubble) hood respirator
• Self-contained breathing apparatus
Respiratory Protection
• Identify requirements and individual must
meet before being issued a respirator
– Training
– Physical examination
– Quantitative fit test
Respiratory Protection
• Describe conditions under which each type of
respiratory protection must be used
– Oxygen deficiency?
– IDLH?
Respiratory Protection
• Identify and explain the factors that
determine the need for and type of
respiratory equipment to be used during
radiological work such as:
Respiratory Protection
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Airborne levels
Type of airborne radioactivity
Contamination levels
Wet or dry?
Protection factor
Duration of the job
Respiratory Protection
• Type of work being performed (welding,
grinding, cutting)
• The impact of decreased worker efficiency,
resulting in increased whole body exposure
• Applicability of portable ventilation instead of
respirators
Communication
Dosimetry
• Explain how the type and location of wholebody dosimetry is determined for body
position and dose rate gradient
Dosimetry
• Identify the criteria used to determine tha
need for multiple badging or for extremity
monitoring
• Discuss the use of lapel air samples
Work Documents
• Explain the purpose of radiation work permits
(RWP)
• Explain the difference between “standing”
and job-specific RWPs
Work Documents
• Identify the information to be included on an
RWP, such as:
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Scope of work
Radiological conditions
Dose action levels
Hot spots
Authorized personnel
Dosimetry requirements
Work Documents
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Respiratory protection requirements
Protective clothing requirements
RWP expiration date
Radiological coverage and notifications
Special precautions, limitations and
restrictions
Work Documents
• Explain the purpose of having each worker
read and sign the RWP
• Demonstrate actions that should be taken if
radiological conditions at the job site are
significantly different from those shown on
the RWP
Communication
Radioactive Material Handling
• Identify the packaging, marking and labeling
requirements for storing radioactive
materials.
Radioactive Material Handling
• Identify NRC-licensed radioactive materials
that require special controls, and discuss the
controls required
• Describe the approval and posting
requirements for radioactive material areas
and radioactive material storage areas.
Radioactive Material Handling
• Identify special precautions and restrictions
for storing radioactive materials outdoors.
Radioactive Material Handling
• Describe the controls over radioactive
effluent releases, including:
– Liquid and gaseous radioactivity release paths
– Radiation monitors to detect and measure
releases
– Procedure controls and records associated with
releases
– Use of DAC and technical specification (tech
spec) limits
– Radiological environmental “tech specs”
Radioactive Waste
• Describe plant systems for storing and
processing radioactive liquid waste
• Explain the radiological protection
requirements associated with processing
liquid wastes using:
Radioactive Waste
• Explain the radiological protection
requirements associated with processing
liquid wastes using:
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Evaporators
Solidification of evaporated bottoms
Transfer of demineralizer resin to shipping casks
Dewatering and solidification of resins
Radioactive Waste
• Describe the radiological protection
requirements for operating a radioactive
waste compactor
Radioactive Waste
• Identify and explain techniques for reducing
the volume of radioactive solid waste
generated, such as:
Radioactive Waste
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Minimize material entering radiological areas
Decontamination
Segregating non-radioactive waste
Reuse cloth rags, shoe covers, bags, PCs
Compaction
Hot Tool Room
Remove packing materials outside the radiologically
restricted area
Shipping Radioactive Material
• Identify regulations and procedures for
shipping and receiving radioactive materials
Shipping Radioactive Material
• Define the following terms related to shipping
radioactive material:
• Type A and Type B
• Low Specific Activity
• Limited Quantity
• Exempt Quantity
• Special Form and Normal Form
Shipping Radioactive Material
• Discuss regulatory limits for radiation levels
and contamination levels for packages and
vehicles while in transit.