Satellite & Ground Based
Environment Monitoring
Muhammad Mansha
Manager SPAS
1
What is Environment?
Atmosphere
ENVIRONMENT
LAND
WATER
Environment Monitoring Methods
 Ground-based Sampling and Measurements
 Model-based Monitoring
 Satellite based Monitoring
4
Pollution Harboring
Pollution
Air
Water
Land
Noise Pollution: production of
unwanted sounds that
are annoying, distracting
or damaging to one’s
hearing.
5
Air Pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate
matter, or biological materials that cause harm or
discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or
damages the natural environment into the atmosphere
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
•
Direct Monitoring
•
Mathematical Modeling
9
Direct Monitoring Techniques
Electrochemical analysis
Absorption spectroscopy
ICP emission spectroscopy
Ion chromatography
Liquid chromatography.
Gas chromatography.
Mass Spectrometry
Biological Monitoring of pollutants.
10
Monitoring NO2
•
Chemiluminescence Method
•
Christie Arsenite Method
•
Diffusion Tube Method
•
Differential Optical Absorption
•
Spectroscopy Method
11
Nitrogen dioxide NO2
Chemiluminescence Method
Method:
Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in ambient air are
determined by photometrically measuring the light intensity, at
wavelenghts greater than 600 nm, resulting from the
chemiluminescent reaction of nitric oxide (NO) with ozone (o3). NO2 is
first quantitatively reduced to NO by a converter.
The NO, which commonly exist in association with NO2, passes through
the converter unchanged, resulting in a total nitrogen oxide (NOx)
concentration of NO plus NO2.
A Portion of the ambient air is also reacted with O3 without having
passes through the converter, and the NO concentration is measured.
This value is subtracted from the NOx concentration yielding the
concentration of NO2. The analyzer actually measures the NO
concentration of air. This is determined by measuring the light emitted
when NO is reacted with O3 (The O3 generated within the Instrument).
12
Ozone is also measured by these methods
•
Chemiluminescence's Method
•
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Method
•
Infra-red Absorption Method and
•
Electrochemical Cell Method.
13
Particulates Matter
Beta-Gauge Method
Particulate matter is collected on high efficiency glass fiber
filter tape, through which the sample air is drawn. The
filter tape runs between a radioactive source (emitting B radiation ) and a detection device. The mass of particulate
is estimated from the observed absorption of B – radiation.
Smoke Shade Reflections Method
Particulate matter is collected by drawing air through a
filter. The concentration is then inferred from the light
reflectance of the darkened filter.
The method is not strictly a measure of total suspended
particulates. It actually measures ‘ smoke’ and indicate
elemental carbon content of air.
14
Total Suspended Particulates
Hi-Volume Sample Method
Particulate matter is collected by drawing air through
a filter. The mass concentration of TSP in the ambient
air is computed as the total mass of collected particles
divided by the volume of air sample, and is expressed
in micrograms per cubic meter.
TSP= (Wf-Wi)106 =ug/m3
V
V = Qact x (24Hours) 60 min/hr
Qact = Initial flow rate= Final flow rate
2
Sampling Period: The Sampling Period is 24 hours.
Interference : Interference can occur from gases
15
High Volume Sampler
BASIC COMPONENTS OF SYSTEM

FILTER HOLDER

DIGITAL TIMER
PROGRAMMER/FLOW
CONTROLLER
BLOWER MOTOR
FLOW METER


16
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
CO is Colorless, odorless gas. Formed when carbon fuel is not burned
completely. Contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone
• Toxic to all humans and animals.
CO binds to hemoglobin in place of oxygen
Affinity for CO ~ 200x higher than for O2 which
result in:
• risk of heart attacks
• brain damage, unconsciousness etc.
Sources
•
The major source of atmospheric CO is the spark ignition
combustion engine especially under idling and deceleration
conditions.
•
Smaller contributions from all other processes involving the
combustion of organic matter (in power stations, industry, waste
incineration).
17
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Characteristics:
A colorless gas with a strong, suffocating odor.
Health effects:
Throat and lung irritation, swelling and accumulation of fluid in throat
and lungs or nasal bleeding.
Contributes:
It is a major component of acid rain, acidic aerosol or acidic fog
Major Sources:
It comes from the burning of coal and oil, Coal-burning stoves
Power plants, Industries, Refineries and Vehicles
18
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Characteristics: A poisonous, reddish-brown to dark brown gas with an
irritating odor
Health Effects: Nose and throat irritation, coughing, choking, headache,
nausea, stomach or chest pains and lung inflammation such as bronchitis or
pneumonia.
Contributes: Play a major role in the formation of ozone, PM, haze
and acid rain, Important component of photochemical smog, Forms
from combustion at high temperatures
Major Sources
Mobile – Automobiles, Stationary – Power plants, home heaters, gas
stoves, Formation reduced by low-temperature combustion
19
Ozone
Where can it be found?
•
•
Stratosphere - protects us from UV rays of the sun
“good” ozone
Troposphere - ground-level ozone - the air we
breathe - “bad” ozone
Sources:
•
•
•
•
Most of the O3 in the troposphere is formed
indirectly by the action of sunlight on nitrogen
dioxide
Air emissions from industry
Motor vehicle exhaust
Gasoline vapors
Chemical solvents
20
Ozone (O3) Impacts
Ozone and other oxidants cause a range of
acute effects including:
Health
•
•
•
Eye, nose and throat irritation
Chest discomfort, cough and headache
Respiratory inflammation
Environment
•
•
•
Significant reduction in plant growth
Causes crop loss each year
Damage to forest ecosystems and materials
21
Inhalable Particulates (PM10 & PM2.5)
• Characteristics: A broad class of
chemically and physically diverse
substances that exist as particles
with a diameter less than or equal
to 2.5 microns.
• Characteristics: A broad class of
chemically and physically diverse
substances that exist as particles
with a diameter less than or equal
to 10 microns.
• Health Effects: Inhalation of
particulates increases chronic and
acute respiratory illnesses.
PM10
PM2.5
22
Particulate Matter
Major Sources
•
•
•
•
•
•
Diesel engines
Power plants
Industrial processes &
incinerators
Windblown dust
Wood stoves
Other sources
23
SMOG
• Particulates (Especially
Lead)
• Nitrous Oxides
• Potassium
• Carbon Monoxide
• Other toxic chemicals
24
Effects of Air Pollution
Effects on human health


Acute effects
Chronic effects
Effects on natural environment




Acid rain
Ozone layer depletion
Global warming
Global climate change
25
Effects of Air Pollution
 Ecosystems
 Reduction of visibility
 Global warming
 Health:
 Irritation and inflammation
 Breathing difficulties
 Lung damage
 Heart disease
 Vision problems
 Premature death
26
Effects of Air Pollution
•
•
•
•
Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Global warming
In human populationrespiratory problems,
allergies, strengthens
lugs, and a risk for cancer
27
ACID RAIN
• Contains high levels of
sulfuric or nitric acids
• Contaminate drinking
water and vegetation
• Damage aquatic life
• Erode buildings
• Alters the chemical
equilibrium of some soils
Effects on trees
Effects on leaves
Effects on stonework
28
29
30
Classification of Emission Sources
• Natural Sources
• Anthropogenic sources
• Stationary (power plants, incinerators, industrial
operations, and space heating) Sources
• Moving (motor vehicles, ships, aircraft, and
rockets) sources
• Point (a single stack) Sources
• Line (a line of stacks) Sources
• Area (city) Sources
• Volume Sources
• Open Pit Sources
31
Modeling Technique
Air Quality modeling is the mathematical prediction of ambient concentrations
of air pollution, based on measured inputs
• Modeling for air quality management purposes typically falls into two
broad categories :dispersion modeling and receptor-based modeling (
32
Water Pollution
Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. In its
pure form, water is tasteless, colorless and odorless.
Water pollution is the presence in water of enough
harmful or objectionable material to damage water
quality
Water quality measurement
There are two broad measures of water quality:
•
Oxygen levels or demands in the water, and
•
Concentration of heavy metals
Water Pollution
– Seepage into ground water from nonpoint sources
– The loss of habitats such as wetlands
– we cannot always eat what we catch because fish
flesh is contaminated by the remaining discharges
and sources of toxic substances
– Microbial contamination of drinking water
presents problems in many communities
still
34
Land Pollution
• Land is any part of the earth’s surface not covered by a
body of water (terrestrial biosphere). It is used by
human beings to grow food, rear animals, build shelter
• Improper
handling
commercial wastes,
effluents
of
human,
household
and
and contamination industrial
Ground based Measuring Instruments
• Particulate Matter
(TSP, PM10,PM2.5)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Oxides of Sulfur (SOX)
• Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)
• Ground level Ozone (O3)
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
•Asbestos Fibre Count
Facilities
Ground based Analytical Measurements
Environment Monitoring Satellites
Geostationary Satellites
Polar Satellites
• MTSAT
• Meteosat
• FENGYUN (2C)
•
•
•
•
•
NOAA-15,16,17,18
AQUA
TERRA
FENGYUN (1D)
Orbview
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer
(MODIS)
onboard
AQUA & TERRA Satellites
39
Satellite Based Environment Monitoring
Areas
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Atmosphere Monitoring
Air Quality Monitoring
Climate Change Studies
Resource Management
Glaciers and Snow
Drought
Landuse / Landcover
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Weather Prediction
Hazards Monitoring
Aviation
Agriculture
Marine & Phytoplankton Studies
SST/LST
Dust Storm
Carbon Sink Study
40
Satellite Based Monitoring Facilities
AERONET - SUN PHOTOMETER
A View of Aeronet Site - Karachi
A View of Data Logger
Water Vapor (cm)
Aerosol Optical Thickness
Size Distribution
Fog/Haze study through Satellite
44
Total Ozone through Satellite

5km pixels
 Day and night passes
 Range:
 0 du to 500 du
 Applications
 Ozone studies
 Indicative of
climate conditions
 Used as inputs to
other level-2+
products
45
Drought Monitoring
Healthy vegetations
strongly absorb visible
radiation (from 0.4 to
0.7 um) and strongly
reflect near infrared
radiation (from 0.7 to
1.1 um)
Say: Have ye thought: If (all) your water were
to disappear into the earth, who then could
bring you gushing water ? (Al -Mulk -30 )
Thank You