‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Knowledge Sharing
in Plant Protection between the Near East Countries,
2-4 Dec. 2012, Cairo, Egypt
Report on Plant Protection
in Sudan
Mohamed Ahmed Abdelmoti
Plant Protection Directorate
SUDAN
Introduction
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Sudan is a country endowed with rich natural
resources which include:
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Abundant fertile agriculture lands of which the utilized is
estimated to reach 20% of 84 million ha.
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Animal wealth estimated to be about 120 million cattle, sheep,
goats and camels.
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Abundant Water Resources from Rainfall, (1trillion mm).
Rivers (20.55 billion cubic meters), Underground water (16
billion cubic meters) and Seasonal streams (5–7 Billion cubic
meters).
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Marina and freshwater fisheries resources, Minerals, game
animal reserves and high tourist resort attraction potentials.
Introduction
•
Sudan is also endowed with climatic diversities which
could enable it to produce agricultural products such as
cereals, oilseeds, fibers, sugar and horticultural crops
almost through all seasons of the year.
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The geographical location of Sudan and its proximity to
the major Gulf countries and European markets coupled
with its access to the sea is a hugely important opportunity
which if prudently exploited could be of immense
comparative advantage to boost the growth of agriculture
and the economy.
Introduction
•
Sudan is a very big country (1882000km2) surrounded
by eight countries. Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central Africa,
South Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Saudi Arabia,
accordingly, too many entry points are scattered on this
very long border.
•
Population: 33.4 million Peoples, Growing at the rate of
2.46%, Rapid Urbanization, Youth Population.
•
Federal System: 15 States.
Separation
Sudan
Sudan
Egypt
Libya
Cha
d
Saudi
Arabia
Sudan
Central
Africa
Eretria
Ethiopia
South
Sudan
Farming Systems
A: Irrigated Farming
Area: 1.9 million ha
Main Crops: Cotton, Sorghum, Groundnuts, Wheat,
Fruits & Vegetables, Rice, Maze & Fodder.
B: Rain fed Mechanized land Farming
Area: 7.9 million ha.
Main Crops: Sorghum, Sesame, Sunflower, Cotton.
C: Rain fed Traditional Farming
Area: 7.6 million ha.
Main Crops: Sorghum, Millet, Sesame, Gum Arabic
and Groundnut.
Economic Performance
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Average growth rate of 6% of GDP (2011 est.)
Agriculture provides 44% of GDP, with average growth
rate of 4.5% (2011 est.)
Agricultural exports account for 80% of the total export
excluding crude oil.
Food security indicators has improved.
Strategic Reserved Food was built.
Plant Protection Directorate
Organisation chart
Director General
Executive
Secretary
18 Outstations in the
States
Accounts
Public Relations
Personnel
Aquatic &
Terrestrial Weeds
Dept.
Aquatic Weeds
Sec.
Terrestrial
Weeds Sec.
River Stations
Sec.
Pesticides Dept.
Pesticides
Registration Sec.
Plant Quarantine
Dept.
External Quarantine
Sec.
Internal Quarantine
Sec.
Pesticides
Inspection Sec.
Safe use of
Pesticides Sec.
Pests Control Dept.
Plant Pathology
Sec.
Store Pests Sec.
Locust Control
Sec.
Operations Dept.
Campaign Sec.
Field Pests
Control Sec.
Vertebrate Pests
Sec.
Biological
Control Sec.
Pests Control
Economies
Services Sec.
Documentation
Sec.
Mandate of the Plant Protection
Directorate:
•
The Directorate is mandated mainly to survey and
control both national and local pests including
migratory pests such as locusts, birds, dura andat
mice…etc. Moreover it manages and supervises the
plant quarantine stations all over the country, and
approves imported chemicals. Together with States
protection departments all efforts are integrated to
combat plant pests and diseases.
Objectives of the Plant Protection
Directorate:
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•
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Planning, execution and follow up of national migratory
pests control such as desert locust, harmful birds, dura
andat and water hyacinth.
Monitoring and Evaluation of pests control operations in
the States.
Provision of pesticides for the control of national and
local pests and supervising aerial and ground sprayings.
Implementation of legislative law for pest's infestation.
Implementation of Phytosanitary legislations to safeguard
export and import plant commodities from pests and
diseases.
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Implementation of pesticides and pest's control
products legislation.
Cooperation and coordination with different
international and regional organizations and
institutions in all activities of plant protection.
Carry out applied field research on chemical and
biological pesticides.
Provision of integrated services to small-scale farmers.
Documentation of information and statistics of pests in
Sudan.
Training of the technical staff for capacity building.
The PPD consists of 5 administrative bodies:
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Pests Control Department:
Responsible for technical supervision of pest's situation including survey
and control of pests in coordination with the operations administration.
Plant Quarantine Department :
Supervision of all Phytosanitary procedures of exports and imports of plant
materials at all entry ports of the Sudan and between the States (Interstate
Quarantine).
Pesticides Department :
Secretary of the National Pesticides Council as the registration body. Its
responsibility extends to pesticides specifications, inspection and safe use of
pesticides.
Operations Department :
Executes all control operations and responsible for the financial and
administrative aspects in PPD.
Aquatic & Terrestrial Weeds Department :
Survey and control the aquatic weeds and prevent its spread North of Jebel
Awlia dam. The administration also surveys and controls weeds.
Plant
Protection
Directorate
Aquatic &
Terrestrial
Weeds
Dept.
Pests
Control
Dept.
Pesticides
Dept.
Plant
Quarantine
Dept.
Operations
Dept.
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
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‫•‬
‫•‬
‫قانون الجراد لسنة ‪.1907‬‬
‫قانون أمراض النبات لسنة ‪1913‬م‪.‬‬
‫قانون اآلفات الزراعية لسنة ‪1919‬م‪.‬‬
‫قانون القطن لسنة ‪1926‬م‪.‬‬
‫قانون أعشاب النيل لسنة ‪1960‬م‪.‬‬
‫قانون المبيدات ومنتجات مكافحة اآلفات لسنة ‪1974‬م والمعدل‬
‫لسنة ‪1994‬م‪.‬‬
Major pests and diseases:
•
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Major Pests are locusts (desert locust, tree locust,
and migratory locust), Quelea birds, dura andat
(dura bug), mice, green pit scale insect and fruit
flies.
Control programmes are carried out through
regular campaigns for surveying and controlling
these pests in the specific seasons of occurrence of
each pest.
Major pests and diseases:
Dura andat
Green scale
Water hyacinth
Quelea birds
Fruit fly
Desert Locust
Rodents
Campaigns Programmes
Period
Activity
Jan-Dec
Survey & control desert locust
Jul-Oct
Tree locust
Jul-Oct
Migratory locust
Jul-Oct
Other grasshopers
Jan-Jun
Dura bug
Jan-Jun
Rodents (mice)
Jul-Nov
Quelea birds
Jul-Nov
Local birds
Jan-May
Survey & control green scale
Apr-Sep
Fruit flies
Success stories in pest management
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A National campaign for controlling fruit flies in Mango
and Citruses started in 2008 succeeding a workshop held
in August 2008, recommended using (IPM), agricultural
practices (cleaning, pruning…etc.), nutrient and
pheromone traps and insecticide baits.
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Following the program of IPM control recommended by
this workshop brought back the good reputation of
mango export after an acute recession in the previous
years.
Successful biological control program
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Biological Control of Water hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes) using two weevil insects Neochetina
eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi.
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Water hyacinth is a highly invasive species and has a
tendency to cover and choke major waterways and
lake surfaces, which can have numerous detrimental
ecological, biological diversity, fisheries,
hydroelectric, transportation, and economic results.
Control of
WH was first
carried out
by applying
the herbicide
(2-4, D)
In 1979 biological
control of WH was
applied by
introducing these
two weevil insects
Neochetina eichhorniae
Neochetina bruchi
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The adults produce characteristic feeding scars
on the leaves and petioles.
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In the larval stage, the insect tunnels into the
petioles and the crown of the plant. This feeding
results in biotic stress, reduced flowers and
seeds, and less vigorous growth.
‫أثر تغذية الحشرة على ورقة النبات‬
‫أثر تغذية اليرقة على حوامل أوراق النباتات‬
‫أثر تغذية الحشرات على النباتات‬
‫يرقات حشرات المكافحة الحيوية‬
Plant Quarantine Services
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The plant quarantine services are considered to be the first
defense line in management and control of agricultural pests.
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It prevents the entry and establishment of new pests; beside
its role in prevention of the spread of pests within the country
towards where they are not known to be found (Internal
quarantine) and thus creating pest free areas to enhance and
promote agricultural exports.
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This Plant Quarantine Department is composed of the
following sections:
Sections of the Plant Quarantine Dept.
Plant Quarantine
Dept.
Store Pests
Control Section
Internal Plant
Quarantine
External Plant
Quarantine
International
Airports
Sea Ports
River Ports
Border Entry
Points
Central Plant
Pathology Lab
Pathology Labs
in the States
Plant Nutrition
Lab
Plant Quarantine Regulations
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The history of plant Quarantine in the Sudan started from the
year 1911 when plant diseases act was drafted and became in
force in 1913.
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The act prohibit the introduction of pests and, diseases to the
country through importation of plants, plant parts or plant
products, and also established inspection, and treatment of
imported and exported crops so as to be free from pests and
diseases to compete in the international markets.
•
Other regulations and acts has also become
in force, such as:-
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Cotton act (1926) to prevent the spread of cotton pests.
Water hyacinth act (1960) which prohibit the spread of
the weed from infested areas to clean areas.
Pesticide act (1974/amended 1994) which regulate
pesticides handling, registration, and safe use of
pesticides.
Plant protection bill (2001) drafted with the help of the
FAO legal consultant, revised for the year 2004 and
2011, awaiting to be ratified by the Parliament .
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Plant Quarantine Services
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To achieve these goals and objectives, the necessary
legislations that control this process are set out and
executed through as well organized collaboration
and cooperation with the Customs Department.
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Starting from the year 1990 a lot of changes and
modernization took place in plant quarantine
operations, so as to comply with the IPPC since
Sudan has become a member of the convention.
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But the major changes occurred in the year 2001
due to the assistance of the FAO by executing a
T.C.P SUD.06 Strengthening the phytosanitary
measures in Sudan by training staff, providing
laboratory equipments, drafting the plant
protection bill, and certificates and inspection
procedure.
Handicaps for Plant quarantine
(constraints)
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It is very difficult to inspect and intercept all items crossing
this long boarder.
Smuggling across this boarder may create pathways for pests
and diseases.
Passengers coming or leaving do not declare plants or plant
products carried with them.
Lack of specific Lab equipment for detecting viruses and
genetically modified plants.
Lack of equipments for post-entry quarantine areas.
Proposal for improvement
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Developing capacities, institutions and systems for
strengthening agricultural statistics to build a proper data
base of reliable information.
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Extensive training in plant quarantine procedures, Pest
Risk Analysis (staff may have good information about it
but in fact no practical implementation).
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Exchange of visits for plant Quarantine officers between
the Near East Countries so this will give good practice
and knowledge.