Resilience to Climate Change:
City Water (risk) Governance
Cases of Lima and Arequipa, Peru
Liliana Miranda Sara Mg. Arch.
Chance2sustain EU 7th research
Framework
Cities for Life Forum
lmiranda@ciudad.org.pe
www.ciudad.org.pe
Lima accounts for:
8 million inhabitants
2.1 % Growth rate
28% ….. National Population
45 %......GNP
56 %......Industrial GP
60 %......Nat. Services
84 % .....Tax collection
70 % .....Export companies
52 % .....Urban poor (nat.)
AREQUIPA
700,000 inhabitants
Richest consume:
250 lts/per/day
Poorest (not connected): 25 lts/per/day
Climate change impacts on water availability
• The current capacity of Peru’s glaciers is 43 billion m3 (2007)
• This represents 40% of the country’s water ‘stock’ - 25 billion m3
• It is projected that in 10 years time 40% of Peru’s water ‘stock’
(glaciers) will be gone….we will only depend of rain…
Highly
Possible
Scenario
Source: MINAM
The four river basins of Lima
Chillón, Rímac, Lurín and Mantaro rivers
•2nd driest city in the world.
•Peruvian tropical glaciers
retreated by 22% over the
past 25 years (including the
Huaytapallana), which has
lost the equivalent of water
consumed in 10 years Lima
Water related Impacts and risks to
Climate Change in Peru
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Peru is one of the 10 most vulnerable countries in the world
(IPCC)
Relocation of 2 million people: climate relocation (floods, sea level
rises, loss of livelihoods).
Reduction in availability of and access to water.
Reduced hydropower generation (68% of energy source in Peru).
Availability of water dependant on rain and groundwater (causing
rationing during drought).
Increased conflicts over water use.
Meanwhile the water and energy demands increases (the
population of Lima increases by 120,000 annually).
Based in: Environmental Ministry of Peru (MINAM)
LIMA’S TERRITORY OVERDIVISION
Housing Ministry, 4 Regional Governments, 7 Provincial
Municipalities and 53 District Municipalities…..
Institutional Capacity weaknes
 Not
enough financial resources and technology to adapt ,
to respond and act accordingly
 Low level of knowledge and awareness about the impacts
of climate change in the city, its water and everyday life

Lack of policies, instruments and strong institutions for
regional and city management and governability:
 No Sustainable Development Regional Plan neither City wide
Development Plan nor Risk Management Plan
SUSTAINABILITY AND GOVERNANCE IN
THE TERRITORY AND CITY
City quality
environment (Brown)
Nature
inside
and
around
the city
City as part
of a wider
ecosystem:
(Territory)
(Green)
New actors are needed to sustainably
manage these interactions (Governance)
Challenges:
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To develop and strengthen resilience capacity of
actors and networks for adaptation in Lima and
Arequipa cities and territories
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To build up consensus and agreements about what
can be done, in collaboration and “concertation”
with governments, businesses, community
organizations, ngo’s, academic and media.

To strengthen territory and city water (risk)
governance on adaptation to climate change of Lima
and Arequipa
City Water (risk) Governance
Resilience to Climate Change
City for Life + Risk Governance,+ Water Public Management
“The integration in the territory and the city of water
related risks to climate change to contribute to their
Sustainability and Governance”
The final purpose:
How (and with whom) to develop an integrated and equitable City
Water (risk) Policy and Governance Strategy?
To clarify who (and how) decides what and where, and
Which resilient capacities should be enhanced in order to be
able to implement it
MULTIPLE LEVEL OF ANALYSIS:
IDENTIFYING KEY ACTOR´S RESILIENCE CAPACITIES
NATIONAL LEVEL
Social
construction
of Knowledge
and
consensus
building
Policies, norms and
strategies
REGIONAL LEVEL
LOCAL LEVEL
Participatory action research
City + Territory
interactions
New Kinds of Risks and Organizations
Responsible in Peru (based on Baud/Hordijk)
Safe Water
(environment
health)
Housing
(Social)
Urban and
Water
Infrastructure
Risk
Issues
International
organizations
PNUD, BID, CAN
(finance and policy
development)
PNUD, BID
(finance and
policy
development)
PNUD, BID (finance
and policy
development)
PNUD, CAN
Policy
development
UNEP, other UN
Agencies
National
government
MVCS and EPSs
(SEDAPAL),
MINAM, MINSA.
(National policies,
laws and finances
investments)
MVCS
(National
policies, laws
and finances
investments)
MTC, MINSA
Policies, laws,
coordination and
implementation,
finances investments
INDECI
Policies,
security org.
PCM, MINAM
Disaster
prevention and
management
Regional
government
GORE
GOREs Direcciones
Sectoriales(finances
investments and
implements
projects)
GOREs Direcciones
Sectoriales(co-finances
investments)
GOREs (co-finances
investments)
Coordination,
Monitoring
(Dirección Regional
Sectorial)
INDECIGORE
(Secretaria
de Def. Civil)
Coordination
GORE
Gerencia Regional
de RRNN y Gestion
Ambiental
Waste water
treatment and safe
water control
- finances
investments and
implements projects
Supervises
housing
standards,
zoning, licences,
local norms
Local infrastructure,
grant programs from
nat. Gov. licences,
dictates local norms
INDECISecretaries,
Committees,
risk
planning,
security
Adaptation policy
integration
Secretarys,
Comitees.
Disaster
management
Local
governments
(Provinciales
distritales)
Environmental
Issues (climate
change)
CITY WATER GOVERNANCE ?
MVCS +
SEDAPAL
+ Regional + Provincial Governments Platform
NGOs
and private
organizations
Universities and
Experts
Civil
Society
Civil
Society
Civil
Society
Civil Society
Organizations
Liliana Miranda Sara, Foro Ciudades para la
Vida - Ecociudad
City
Concertation Board
13
Thanks!
Cities for Life Fora, Executive Director:

Mg. Arch. Liliana Miranda Sara
Vargas Machuca 408, San Antonio,
Miraflores, Lima Perú
 Teléf./fax + 51 (1) 2411488, 2425140
 Email: lmiranda@ciudad.org.pe
 Web page: www.ciudad.org.pe
