Resilience to Climate Change:
Territory and City Governance
Lima and Arequipa, Peru
Liliana Miranda Sara Mg. Arch.
Chance2sustain EU 7th research Framework
Cities for Life Forum
lmiranda@ciudad.org.pe
www.ciudad.org.pe
The current story
The shift from Master Planning to Strategic
Planning (fragmentation..)
From ‘urban-scale planning’
to ‘mega project-based
strategies’
5 ACTION LINES
1.Campaign on Territorial Organization (C A21 &
Sustainable Construction for all):
 Participation and leadership
 Consensus building, concertation & civic society participation
 Events, Foras, seminars, round tables, meetings (+ 9,000
participants from 20 peruvian cities)
2.Masters, post graduate courses, ToT, Virtual
courses and capacity building and university
curricula integration (192 Msc., 542 Postgraduated & 3 Phds)
3. Studies and Participatory Action Research:
LiWa
chance2sustain
4. Political incidence (city to national level and back)
5. Pilot projects, advisory and coaching
SOME RESULTS ACHIEVED SO FAR
Social construction of Knowledge (action
research),
consensus
building
and
dissemination:

17 books, manuals and handbooks.

Web page (portal)

www.ciudad.org.pe

+ 3,000 e.mail list weekly informed

Bi annual Bulletin “Cities for Life”

Opinion leaders in the field
SOME RESULTS ACHIEVED SO FAR
Institutions and norms strengthened on
Cities Agenda 21 + Urban Environmental +
Risk Management + Sustainable Building
Contributions with the approval of:

6 Laws (2 in course)

2 Ministerial Decrees (2 in course)

+ 15 Municipal Ordinances
being
implemented

22 Cities Agendas 21 approved (being
implemented
under
participatory
budgetting)
WATER RELATED IMPACTS AND RISKS
TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN PERU





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Peru is one of the 10 most vulnerable countries in the world to
climate change (IPCC)
Relocation of 2 million people: climate relocation (floods, sea level
rises, loss of livelihoods).
Reduction in availability of and access to water.
Reduced hydropower generation (68% of energy source in Peru).
Availability of water dependant on rain and groundwater (causing
rationing during drought).
Increased conflicts over water use.
 Meanwhile
the water and energy demands increases (the
population of Lima increases by 120,000 annually).
Based in: Environmental Ministry of Peru (MINAM)
Climate change impacts on water availability
• Glaciers capacities represents 40% of the country’s water ‘stock’ • In 10 years time 40% of Peru’s glaciers will be gone….we will only
depend of rain…
Highly
Possible
Scenario
Source: MINAM
1989: 2042 km2 glaciers
1997: 1595 km2 glaciers
Peru:
• 5 % of world’s fresh water ressources
• Glaciers are melting
9
Arequipa
Lima
Adapted from:
Ministry MVCS, Peru
Lima accounts for:
8 million inhabitants
2.1 % Growth rate
28% ….. Of national population
45 %......GNP
56 %......National Industrial GP
84 % .....Tax collection
52 % .....Urban poor (nat.)
AREQUIPA
700,000 inhabitants
+ 2 % Growth rate
Richest consume:
250 lts/per/day
Poorest (not connected): 25 lts/per/day
(paying 10 times more)
SUSTAINABILITY AND GOVERNANCE IN
TERRITORY AND CITY INTERACCIONS
City quality
environment (Brown)
Nature
inside
and
around
the city
City as part
of a wider
ecosystem:
(Territory)
(Green)
New actors are needed to sustainably
manage these interactions (Governance)
CITY WATER (RISK) GOVERNANCE
Building Resilience Capacities
City for Life + Risk Governance + Water Public Management
“The integration, in the territory and the city, of water related
risks to climate change to contribute to their Sustainability
and Governance”
The final purpose:
How (and with whom) to develop an integrated and equitable City
Water (risk) Policy and Governance Strategy?
To clarify who (and how) decides what and where, and
Which resilient capacities should be enhanced in order to be
able to implement it
MULTI LEVEL GOVERNANCE:
NATIONAL LEVEL
Social
construction
of Knowledge
and
consensus
building
Policies, norms and
regulations
REGIONAL LEVEL
CITY LEVEL
Lima, Arequipa
Participatory action research
City + Territory
interactions
CITY WATER (risk) GOVERNANCE
Ministry
+ Regional and Municipal Platform
+
Water
Board
NGOs
and private
organizations
Universities and
Experts
Civil
Society
Civil
Society
Civil
Society
Civil Society
Organizations
Liliana Miranda Sara, Foro Ciudades para la
Vida - Ecociudad
Territory and City
Concertation Water Board
14
IDENTIFYING KEY ACTOR´S RESILIENCE CAPACITIES
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF
KNOWLEDGE
 “Social
construction” building up of knowledge
capitalizing on what actors already know and
have learned.
 Knowledge tends to remain where (and with
whom) it has been generated
 The participatory action research process
build up consensus and it becomes a capacity
building strategy itself
 Concertation as a political tool for getting
concrete agreements into action
Thanks!
Cities for Life Fora, Executive Director:

Mg. Arch. Liliana Miranda Sara
Vargas Machuca 408, San Antonio,
Miraflores, Lima Perú
 Teléf./fax + 51 (1) 2411488, 2425140
 Email: lmiranda@ciudad.org.pe
 Web page: www.ciudad.org.pe
