Chapter 11
North and South Take
Different Paths
Warm up
(Briefly answer all 3 questions…we will discuss as a class.)
Questions:
1. Before stores and factories, how did people
get materials that they needed?
2. What daily household items would be the
most difficult to make/build?
3. How have factories made life easier?
Answer:
1. Before stores and factories, how did people get
materials that they needed?
A: hand made, traded with neighbors
2. What daily household items would be the most
difficult to make/build?
A: clothes, furniture, dishes
3. How have factories made life easier?
A: They mass produce items, cheaper, faster
The Industrial
Revolution
Section 1
What was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a time
when new inventions and new lifestyles
ruled. These new inventions made
factories much more important. Machines
took the place of hand tools. Along with
the new inventions came the increased
desire for city life and factory jobs.
Production and transportation became
faster and easier too!
During the Industrial
Revolution, people moved
from working in homes
and farms  to working
in mills and earning
wages.
This was brought on by
new ways of working as
well as new ways of
producing goods.
The Industrial Revolution began in New England
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
Why New England?
• The poor soil
• The many rivers and streams
• Geographical location (coal and iron)
• Sea ports
• Money
In Great Britain, they developed…
• Spinning jenny and the water frame 
spun thread
• Power loom  wove the thread into cloth
Saves time and money!
Inventions
The Spinning Jenny
Powered
Loom
Steam Power
• Factories had to be built
near a water source to
operate, but during the
dry season the machines
didn’t have power.
• To solve this problem a
steam engine was
designed to allow
factories to be built
anywhere.
Sir Richard Arkwright
Francis Cabot Lowell
• A wealthy man, who went to Great Britain
brought factory systems to the United States
• A factory system = bringing manufacturing steps
together in one place to increase efficiency. They
used mass production & interchangeable parts to
increase production.
• 80% of the workers in Lowell’s mills were
young unmarried women between the ages of
15-30
• Conditions were poor:
• Low wage
• Long hours
• Monotonous work
•• Interchangeable
Created
parts
were
interchangeable
uniform parts
parts
made
while in
trying
largetoquantities
meet a
that
manufacturing
could replace
deadline.
any
other identical pieces
• Leads to mass
production and reduction
in cost.
Children In Factories
• Prior to the Ind. Rev. kids
worked on family farms.
• Once factories were
created, children worked
many hours in the
factories.
• Kids as young as 7
worked in unsafe
conditions and had no
chance to go to school.
Factory Conditions
• Factory conditions
were horrible.
• No fresh air
• Dangerous
machines
• On the job injuries
didn’t get
compensated
Warm up:
Question:
Why were the Lowell
Mills important to
the American
economy?
Answer:
• Lowell Mills created a factory system. A factory
system brought manufacturing steps together
in one place to increase efficiency. They used
mass production & interchangeable parts to
increase production.
Mill Times Movie
Warm up:
How did the creation of mills change small
towns in New England?
Answer:
Small towns started to grow around the mills.
Citizens started to find jobs in the mills.
Section 2
The North Transformed
• Huge population growth
in the cities (urbanization)
•People moved to the cities
to get jobs in factories
• Lead to problems like:
- Overcrowding
- Disease
- Pollution
- Risk of fire
- Lack of clean drinking water
City life was dirty and overcrowded
What do you think the ditch in the center of the photo was used for?
Economy
• North: relied on industry and technology
• South: slavery and cotton was their
foundation
Industry
• North:
– Many new inventions allowed the North to produce things
efficiently
• South:
– Agriculture was profitable
• Industry was of little use
• There was only a small market for manufactured goods
• “We want no manufactures; we desire no trading, no
mechanical or manufacturing classes. As long as we
have our rice, our sugar, our tobacco and our cotton,
we can command wealth to purchase all we want.”
Communication
• North:
– Printing press invented
• mass production of newspapers
– The telegraph was invented (by: Samuel F.B. Morse)
• Ran along railroads
• Allowed quick communication
• South:
– due to the limited amount of railways
• Less telegraph lines and worse communication than the
North
Agriculture &
Manufacturing
• Important inventions:
– Mechanized reaper (by: Cyrus McCormick)
– Steel-tipped plow (by: John Deere)
– The sewing machine (by: Howe & Singer)
Transportation
• New water transportation
– Steamboat (by: Robert Fulton)
– Clipper ships
• New land transportation
– Railroads (Baltimore & Ohio R.R.)
– North: all railroads
interconnected
– South: short, only connected
small towns
A New Wave of
Immigrants
Who came and why?
• The Great Hunger in Ireland
(Over 1 million came to the U.S.)
• German Revolutionaries (After failed
revolutions many came to the U.S.)
Nativists
• Mostly American-born Protestants
• They feared foreigners…especially Irish,
Roman-Catholics
• The Know-Nothing political party rose in
NYC, policies against foreigners
African Americans in
the North
• African Americans
– Faced discrimination in
all areas of life
•
•
•
•
Low wages
No suffrage (right to vote)
No free public schools
Not allowed to work in
factories or in skilled
trades
• Segregated schools, public
facilities, and churches
Distribution of slaves
Census
Year
# Slaves
# Free
blacks
Total
black
% free
blacks
Total US
population
% black
of total
1790
697,681
59,527
757,208
7.9%
3,929,214
19%
1800
893,602
108,435
1,002,037
10.8%
5,308,483
19%
1810
1,191,362
186,446
1,377,808
13.5%
7,239,881
19%
1820
1,538,022
233,634
1,771,656
13.2%
9,638,453
18%
1830
2,009,043
319,599
2,328,642
13.7%
12,860,702
18%
1840
2,487,355
386,293
2,873,648
13.4%
17,063,353
17%
1850
3,204,313
434,495
3,638,808
11.9%
23,191,876
16%
1860
3,953,760
488,070
4,441,830
11.0%
31,443,321
14%
1870
0
4,880,009
4,880,009
100%
38,558,371
13%
Source: http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0056/tab01.xls
Warm up:
Question: What was difficult about living in
the city in the 1800’s? Name 3 things.
Answer:
Problems for people living in the cities:
- Overcrowding
- Disease
- Pollution
- Risk of fire
- Lack of clean drinking water
Section 3
The Plantation South
As the North became more urban and industrialized the South
remained rural…
1. Textile boom…created a huge demand for cotton
2. Invention of the cotton gin…produced more cotton
• Plenty of fertile land
• Cotton Gin
• Slaves
• High demand for
products (North)
In the United States…
In the United States…
• Mechanical flour
mill  Only needed
two people to run it.
(one to empty the
bag of wheat and one
to roll away the
barrels of flour)
• Now 1 = 50!
• Cotton Gin  a
simple machine
that quickly
removed the cotton
seed from the fiber.
The
Cotton
Gin
Cheaper to clean makes it possible to make money off of it!!!
Farms vs. Plantations
Farms (50-200 acres)
Plantations (1,000 acres)
– Tenant farmers
– Domestic slaves
– Field workers
– Plantation owners
• Rented land to farm
– Owned by Yeomen
(men who did not
own slaves)
• Largest group of white
men in the south
• Goal: to earn profit
– Plantation wives
• Supervised buildings and
kept records
Slavery developed in the South because of the need for cheap labor.
Cotton picking in Mississippi
The Life of a Slave
European slave traders in Africa
did not seize land from natives
and colonize the coast, as they
did in their New World
settlements. Instead, they
established special relationships
with local chieftains, who allowed
them to maintain trading forts
along the coast. Local Africans,
rather than the Europeans
themselves, acquired and
supplied slaves to the white
traders.
African tribes would win wars and sell the captives of the losing tribe into slavery.
The first slaves were brought to America in 1619 and typically they had a master
for seven years before they were free. However, farmers soon needed slaves for
large plantations so they started to buy them for life.
The Life of a Slave
Slaves were crowded on to ships and brought over to America on
Triangle Trade routes.
SLAVERY
Family
Families were often
separated by sales.
Work
Slaves worked from sun
up to sun down.
– Kids: carried water and
easy chores
– Elders: cared for young
and did light chores
– Everyone else: fields
-1 out of 4 families in the South owned
slaves
- 1 out of 7 families owned 10 or more
Living Conditions
HOMES for slaves were
called slave cabins
-Mud floors
-About 12 to a room
-Very dirty
Slave Auction: slaves were
bought and sold
Life as a Slave
MARRIAGE:“until
death or distance
do you part”
CULTURE: large
families, clothing,
songs, dance
Life as a Slave
PROTESTING: Worked slowly, faked
illness, burned buildings, broke tools,
made animals lame, escaped
(ALL resulted in punishment )
Additional African
American Issues
• Free African Americansthey faced many problems
and were denied basic
rights.
• Slave Codes- laws that
controlled every aspect of
an enslaved person’s life.
• Resistance to slavery- Nat
Turner led a revolt in 1831.
About 60 whites were
killed in the revolt.
Warm up:
Question: Who invented the cotton gin and
what did it do?
Answer:
Eli Whitney invented
the cotton gin in 1793.
The cotton gin’s crank
turned a cylinder that
drew cotton fibers, but
not cotton seeds,
through small slots.
Section 4
The Challenges of Growth
Moving West
• Daniel Boone and a group of
30 men cleared the
Wilderness Road. It allowed
people to cross the
Appalachian Mts. and travel
westward.
• From 1792-1819 8 states
joined the Union:
– Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio,
Louisiana, Indiana,
Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama
Roads and Turnpikes (toll roads)
• Farmers and merchants needed a faster way to
move their goods to market.
• Private companies started to build toll roads. ($)
• Corduroy roads were also built in marshy areas.
(Logs laid side by side)
• The National Road (1st federally funded) road began
in 1811 in Maryland and stretched to Illinois by
1850. Travel from East to West became easier.
Canals
• This was the fastest and cheapest way to
transport goods.
• Major rivers ran N
S, the goal was to build the
canals from E
W to connect waterways
• N.Y. Gov. Clinton decided that a canal should be
built to connect the Hudson River to Lake Erie.
(Locks were necessary)
• Canals spurred Midwest business and they were
built everywhere.
The Extension of Slavery
• Slave and Free States-In
1819 there were 11 free
states and 11 slaves
states BUT Missouri had
been trying to become a
state since 1817.
• Question-How should
Missouri be admitted;
slave or free state? The
North and South fought
over the issue! (Balance
of the Senate)
The Missouri Compromise
• Henry Clay proposed a solution to the problem.
• Adopt Maine as a free state, adopt Missouri as a
slave state and use the southern border of
Missouri as a dividing line. N=free and S=slave for
states added from the rest of the Louisiana
Territory.
• Slave owners could also capture run away slaves
in free territory.
• BUT…should Congress have the power to make
decisions about slavery?
The Missouri Compromise
Warm Up:
Question: What was one mode of
transportation for a pioneer family
heading west? Explain a positive and
negative for your mode of
transportation.
Illinois Central Railroad
Answer:
Wagons1. Positives- accessible, most people had them
2. Negatives- broke easily, hard to go over the mountains
Steamboats1.
Positives-improved the transport of goods and passengers along major
rivers, shipping goods became cheaper and faster, contributed to the growth
of river cities
2. Negative-didn’t have enough power to withstand the strong currents and
shifting winds found in large rivers
Rail Roads/Trains1.
Positive- fast, fairly cheap
2.
Negative- didn’t go everywhere
Warm Up:
Question:
Why was the Missouri Compromise important?
Answer:
• It temporarily settled the debate over slavery
in the U.S.
• Details of the Compromise:
– Adopt Maine as a free state, adopt Missouri as a slave
state and use the southern border of Missouri as a dividing
line. N=free and S=slave for states added from the rest of
the Louisiana Territory.
– Slave owners could also capture run away slaves in free
territory.
Warm up:
Question: Why did
the North and the
South take different
paths?
Tip: Look at your
worksheet from
yesterday to help
you answer this
question. 
Great Olympian Cotton Mill
in Georgia
Answer:
As business grew, the North focused on
industrialized products and jobs that could be
done all year round. (Lowell Mills,
interchangeable parts)
As cash crops flourished the South began to
spend more efforts on the crops that would
make them money, often over the crops that
provided food. (cotton, tobacco)
Test Day
Please put projects on your desk and be ready to
turn them in. Make sure your name is on your
project.