Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Warehousing Practice (GWP) in cocoa production and trade Yaoundé, 8/5/2011 Roy Bateman http://www.dropdata.org Prevention (not cure!) Pest problems Where are pesticides used? A Manual Good Agricultural & Warehouse Practices IPM (and RPU) What to Apply? How to apply pesticides? When to apply? MRLs: case studies and communication Policy issues http://www.dropdata.org Cocoa pesticides are there for a reason Black pod diseases: Phytophthora spp. especially P. megakarya losses of ~90% if left untreated respond well to chemical control … … coupled with good cultural practices (crop sanitation, shade management, etc.) http://www.dropdata.org Phytophthora disease control Traditionally: copper (oxide, hydroxide, oxychloride etc.) protective: since 1760s enhanced control with copper mixed with metalaxyl (1977; ~M: 1996) other new(ish) AIs promoted (e.g. Carboxylic Acid Amide compounds: 1990s) - but are they what farmers want to use? http://www.dropdata.org Insects “Mirid blast” (tree die back) Crop loss estimates (Ghana ann. of about 100,000 T) … so they are sprayed with insecticides http://www.dropdata.org Originally with insecticides such as HCH (lindane): 1950s - 2001 Cl H H Cl H H Cl Cl Photo: GA Matthews H Cl Cl Long residual contact action Some fumigant activity Broad spectrum http://www.dropdata.org Now recommended: - pyrethroids - neo-nicotinoids Insect Photos courtesy FERA, UK Storage pests http://www.dropdata.org Insects or residues? Possibly an important source of high residues especially sprays to sacks? Phasing out of methyl bromide, heavy reliance on phostoxin: resistance issues? http://www.dropdata.org … all of which may leave residues New regulations for residues on commodities in the EU, Japan & USA. Shipments of cocoa have been rejected by Japan (including herbicide residues). September 2008: EC/396/2005 came into force MRLs first published as Regulation 149/2008/EC residue tolerances of obsolete compounds (not Annex I,II) at default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg (ppm) Improved analytical methods? http://www.dropdata.org Complicated and interdisciplinary, so… Specific advice requested from ICCO member countries Neglected subject, no existing manual focusing on pesticide issues in cocoa Responsible pesticide use and its role in IPM http://www.dropdata.org Context GAP, GWP: Good Agricultural IPM: Integrated Responsible Use of Pesticides Pest Management (& Warehouse) Practices http://www.dropdata.org Good Agricultural Practice Good Warehouse Practice Frequently quoted: “must be produced according to GAP” FAO - “practices that address environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes, and result in safe and quality food and non-food agricultural product” What does this mean in practice? http://www.dropdata.org Responsible Pesticide Use (RPU) a sub-set of GAP and IPM: targeting … How to apply? What to apply? When to apply? http://www.dropdata.org Overall objectives of manual Sharing information on pesticide science Connecting interests of cocoa and other stakeholders Policies: residue requirements in consumer countries Practices: in the field and warehouse Emphasising Needs for: “safety” issues … - extension http://www.dropdata.org - R&D What do we mean by safety? … starting in the field http://www.dropdata.org “Full protective clothing should always be worn when using pesticides” http://www.dropdata.org Photos: GA Matthews The reality? http://www.dropdata.org Contents A. B. C. D. E. F. Introduction (regulatory) Back-ground Pesticides and their properties Safety, residues (and how to manage them) Good agricultural practices “How to do?” Good crop storage practices Recommendations Appendices ‘Case study’ boxes (including ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ AI lists) http://www.dropdata.org Introduction and background Update on legislation (e.g. 91/414/EEC to be repealed 14 June 2011 and replaced by EC 1107/2009) Message - stay ‘ahead of the game’ Pesticide names and formulations: importance of accuracy Biological activity, modes of transfer Modes of action “Technical problems” resistance, resurgence http://www.dropdata.org Good Agricultural Practice starts in the pesticide store: pesticide selection Lists are unavoidable(?) http://www.dropdata.org Pesticide lists: Appendix 3 (1st Edition had 2 categories) A. ‘Strategic list’ for key pests: EU/Japanese/US import tolerances and evidence of efficacy B. Compounds to be used with great CAUTION (limited time remaining, etc) C. Lists of experimental and other potentially useful control agents D. Pesticides that MUST NOT BE USED for cocoa http://www.dropdata.org Criteria for inclusion on ‘Strategic list’ EU, Japanese, (US) import tolerances; EU MRLs and their status should be checked regularly; those listed here refer to “Cocoa (fermented beans)” as in Reg. (EC) No 396/2005. show acceptable levels of low mammalian toxicity and environmental impact … do not belong to the highest toxicity group WHO/EPA Class.I. have proven efficacious against an important pest species of cocoa, as published in (preferably refereed) literature http://www.dropdata.org Legal and practical notice Manual stresses the need for accuracy and specificity, so for practical reasons individual compounds are discussed: sometimes in detail, but … Inclusion of compounds or products in the text is for illustration only and does not imply recommendation or otherwise Nevertheless, an attempt is made to identify ‘strategic pesticides for cocoa’ http://www.dropdata.org Pesticide labels: (Trade names are for Marketing!) Should be part of the registration process http://www.dropdata.org Labels in China http://www.dropdata.org National organisations primarily responsible for pesticide registration Cameroon: Department of Regulation and Quality Control of Inputs and Agricultural Products (MINADER) Côte d’Ivoire: Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, du Contrôle et de la Qualité, (DPVCQ/MINAGRI), Abidjan Ghana: Environmental Protection Agency (Ministry of Food and Agriculture), Accra Nigeria: National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) HQ: Abuja; cocoa issues: Lagos office Togo: Laboratoire de l’Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA) http://www.dropdata.org Contents (continued) What are MRLs? Not measures of safety! Standard methods in future editions? Good agricultural practices … dosage How to avoid exceeding them Hazards and risks Environmental safety Assessment of residues Double rate Label rate Half rate MRL http://www.dropdata.org PHI time after application Application, starting with suggesting to farmers that tall trees are difficult: to spray to harvest http://www.dropdata.org courtesy J. Cooper to monitor Application: the importance of nozzles! … seeing “spray to run-off” as wasteful - costs money! http://www.dropdata.org “Modern pesticides are too expensive” Spraying less by improving efficiency Conflict of interest with suppliers of pesticides (main source of profit) also selling sprayers http://www.dropdata.org High herbicide residues Most unlikely to originate from cocoa field e.g. 2,4-D: volatile Focus on quality along the whole supply chain http://www.dropdata.org Drying: also about PAH, M-OTA, etc. http://www.dropdata.org Recommendations Harmonisation of standards by importing countries Strategic cocoa pesticides Regional recommendations? Strengthening of registration R&D, communication: putting responsible pesticide use back “on the agenda” (in FFS etc.) Developing skills in pesticide science http://www.dropdata.org ‘Next generation’ of pesticide scientists? many thanks in advance for your further ideas and comments (for 3rd edition end 2011) websites: Download from: http://www.icco.org/sps http://www.dropdata.org /cocoa