Click to edit Master title style • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level E-waste Recycling in India: Bridging the Gap between the Informal & Formal sector Dr. Raghupathy, L. (GTZ-MAIT) Mrs Krüger, C. (Adelphi) et al International Solid Waste Association World congress 2010, Hamburg, Germany 14-19 November 2010 Click to edit Master title style Agenda • Click to edit Master text styles Background & existing System – Second level Sector Informal Recycling • Third level Sector Formal Recycling – Fourth level Integration of Informal-Formal Recycling » Fifth level Exemplary Project Activities Sustainability E-waste generation Click to edit Master title style • in India: 2007 Level 1 Click to edit Master text styles – Second Estimated level e-waste • generation/year: Third level 382,979 MT Imports: – Fourth level 50,000 MT QuickTime™ and a BMP decompressor are needed to see this picture. » Fifth level Level 2 E-waste available for recycling & refurbishing: 144,143 MT Level 3 E-waste processed Only 19,000 MT : Source: MAIT-GTZ study 2007 Policy & Regulatory Framework National Environment (NEP) 2006 Click to edit MasterPolicy title style Encourages recycling and reuse; requires environmentally safe disposal of residues • Click edit Master textto styles Gives legalto recognition and strengthen the informal sector – Second level E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2010 (Draft) • Third level Draft published in May 2010 under the E(P) Act, 1986; Will be enforced– Fourth from 1.1.2012. level Authorisation and registration » Fifth levelof e-waste managing companies Impose Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Mandate for financing and organizing a e-waste system Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) mandatory E-waste Guidelines Guidelines published in 2008 Guidelines required to specify framework; effective participation and adequate investments by responsible actors needed. Key stakeholders in e-waste MGT Click to edit Master title style Industry-manufacturers, Producers • Click to edit Master chain text stylesLinks Product supply Corporate/Bulk – Second Users level Recyclers – Informal & Formal • Third level Government & Regulatory Agencies – Fourth level Municipalities » Fifth level Industry Associations Research Institutions & Experts General Public/Consumers/Users NGOs Financial Institutions E-waste recycling-informal sector Click to edit Master title style According to MAIT-GTZ study, 2007 95% of the e-waste recycling takes place in the Informal sector • Clickin to India edit Master text styles – Second level Informal sector widespread • Third level Have active and efficient network – Fourth level Labour intensive - cheap labour, child labour » Fifth level Manual dismantling no machines required Material recovery by crude methods Operations in small congested unsafe areas No personal protection equipments used Occupational health & safety neglected Adverse impact on environment and health Click to edit Master title style Dismantling e-waste (manual) • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Informal sector Copper extraction Click to edit Master title style Using Acids • Burning PCBs/wires Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Informal sector E-Waste and the Informal Sector Click to edit Master title style • Precious metal recovery Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Click to edit Master title style Hazardous work environment • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Informal sector E-waste recycling-formal sector Click to edit Master title style Present scenario E-waste essentially dismantle, segregate, shred • Click torecycling edit Masterunits text styles Send sorted/shredded e-waste to refineries and units in the – Second level developed nations for metal extraction recovery Few formal recyclers are setting up end to end recycling units in • Third level India and one such unit is in operation – Fourth level Changing scenario» Fifth level Formal Recycling units being set up in India which are like any other industrial operation Formal recyclers are responsible for environmental compliance seeking authorizations and permissions E-waste recycling in the formal sector are committed to corporate social responsibility (CSR) Formal recyclers responsible for ESM and use of EST E-waste dismantling & shredding Click to edit Master title style (mechanical) • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Formal sector Click to edit Master title style Copper extraction & recovery Electrolytic process • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Formal sector Click to edit Master title style & formal – Integration of informal model for e- waste management • Click to edit Master text styles The model for e-waste management in India ideally requires – Second level integration of the activities between the informal and formal sectors and bring them into the mainstream of e-waste recycling activity. • Third level – Fourth level Steps involved in Integration » Fifth level Agreements/MOU between the stakeholders Maintain entrepreneurship Specify activities for informal sector Identify activities for formal sector Dovetail activities of informal & formal Establish linkages and support systems Formation of associations Click to edit Master title style Current Scenario – Informal Sector • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Click to edit Master title style Current Scenario – Formal Sector • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Click to edit Master title style Intervention Scenario - I • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Click to edit Master title style Intervention Scenario - II • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Click to edit Master title style Proposed future scenario • Informal Sector Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Formal Sector Integration process Click to edit Master title style Activities for the informal sector to be harnessed and integrated with the formal recyclers for effective e-waste recycling • Click to edit Master text styles E-waste Collection – ofSecond level Skills informal sector to be tapped for collection and sourcing of material • Third level Contracts with large corporations and business enterprises for – Fourth level channelization of e-waste Set up authorized»collectors/collection centres Fifth level Financing mechanisms for collection, transportation and storage/other infrastructure Segregation and Dismantling Evolving & adhering to standards and benchmarks Efficiency in dismantling & segregation (manual-mech combo) Storage and transportation infrastructure to be provided Training and awareness in process & efficiency - skill development Practice using personal protection equipments The model Click to edit Master title style Expected Outcomes: Ideal system in place • Click to edit Master text styles sector with the main stream Dovetailing the informal recycling units level – Second Informal•sector be the feeder system for formal Third to level recycling industries – Fourth level Informal sector to carry out dismantling activities in a » Fifth level controlled manner All dismantling operations to be environmentally sound and safe for health of workers Rational between manual and mechanical operation Operational standards to be prescribed Establishment of monitoring mechanism for all stages Economically Viable options for financing Current GTZ / EU project Click to edit Master title style (1/2010-12/2013): Focuses on e-waste recycling • Click toin edit Master textcities styles Delhi, activities four pilot Bangalore, Kolkota level and Pune – Second Supports professionalization of • Third level informal sector – Fourth level Involves manufacturers of IT and » Fifth levelin Communication equipments India Enhances links between formal & informal sector Motivates large Generators of WEEE to adopt adequate waste policy and practices Establishing E-Waste Channels to Enhance Environment Friendly Click to edit Master title style Recycling EU – SWITCH ASIA Project • Title: Establishing E-waste Channels to Enhance • Click to edit Master text styles Environment Friendly Recycling – Second levelDelhi, Kolkata and Pune • Locations: Bangalore, Third level • Duration:•January 2010 – December 2013 – Fourth level • Partners: » Fifth level – GTZ – Advisory Services in Environmental Management (ASEM) (applicant) – Toxics Link – Manufacturers’ Association of Information Technology (MAIT) – Adelphi Research Click to edit Master title style • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level • Third level – Fourth level » Fifth level Expected Click to editResults Master title(1/2) style Informal sector associations collect and manage fraction of e-waste generated in 4 • Click to edit Master text stylesfriendly selected cities in an environment manner. – Second level Cooperation models are established between • Third level the formal and the informal sector. – Fourth level Resource utilization is increased due to better collection and channelization e-waste. » Fifthoflevel Capacity for environmentally sound e-waste recycling among the workers in the informal sector is improved Technological improvements in the informal recycling sector are achieved. Large corporations and relevant stakeholders implement the recommendations of the EWaste Guidelines of the GOI. Click to edit Master title style Sustainability Sustainability of Master the model will depend upon the efficiency of the • Click to edit text styles operations in the system and commitment of each stakeholder – Second level Policies to consider the entire recycling chain from waste • end Third levelprocessors pickers to to end All stakeholders in the – Fourth levelvalue chain including the informal and formal sector to be involved » Fifth level in the planning process Waste pickers and recyclers need to be organized formally in order to avail the benefits of policy makeovers Informal sector to be authorized for collection and dismantling operations Formal sector to be responsible for recycling and recovery operations Dovetailing INFORMAL–FORMAL- most effective system Results 1/2 Click to edit style Emissions in Master t of CO2title from production of 1 t of metal Metal • Primary Mining* Secondary Mining* Click to edit Master text styles – Second level 2,04 Steel Aluminium • Third Copper Nickel level 10,2 3,4 – Fourth level » Fifth 19,53 level 0,87 1,12 0,37 1,87 Lead 3,2 3,02 Gold 16991 357,86 Silver 144 10,96 Palladium 9380 196,68 *Data above is based on secondary literature source by experts in the field (Hagelüken, Chancerel, Meskers, Rochat, Gmünder, Keller) Click to edit Master title stylefoot prints Recycling & Carbon • Comparison of the scenarios of Primary Mining & • Click to edit Master text styles Metallurgy and Recycling clearly indicates that the – Second level of metal is less carbon intensive Secondary production than primary production • Third level – Fourth level • Recycling scenarios: manual, mechanical or a Fifth level combination of»both; manual dismantling of e-scrap requires less energy than the mechanical process • Manual dismantling and segregation may increase the efficiency in recycling for metal recovery as higher metal shares can be found in the output fractions Click to edit Master title style • Click to edit Master text styles – Second level Thank you very much for your kind attention! • Third level – Fourth level Any questions & comments? » Fifth level Contact Dr Lakshmi Raghupathy lakshmi@mait.com Christine Krüger kruger@adelphi.de