Climate Change Impact
And
A Proposal For a Water Treatment Plant
(Jadacaquiva, Venezuela)
Author: Arregoitia Sarabia, Carla Adriana
Arrher Research Division
Contact: carla.arregoitia@arrher.com
Table of Contents
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Introduction
The Project Location
Justification
The Problem
Important Points
The Objective
Basis for Design
Plant Design
Other technical Aspects
Conclusions
Bibliography
2/23
The project location
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This project is a proposal presented to design a waste water treatment
plant of an abattoir place in the region of Falcón, Venezuela.
Google
3/23
The project location
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The town of Jadacaquiva is located in the middle of the Paraguaná
Peninsula.
A town with long history from the 16th century and famous for its cattle
and goat.
Population is over 3,600ppl
About 302ppl live from agriculture and cattle activities.
About 85 % of the land is commonly owned
Other products: Aloe Vera oil and soap
Jadacaquiva's church was built by Alejandro de
Quevedo Villegas and his wife, Rosa, in 1749. It has
architectural elements of the Jewish religion. The
structure of the campanile, separate from the
church, is styled Caribbean Dutch (common to
Curaçao architecture).
4/23
Justifications
The impacts considered in a treatment plant should include the future population
growth, climate change and water management
Projected Water Scarcity and Stress in 2025 [1]
As cities continue to expand their water supply gets more difficult.
5/23
Justifications
Population growth in countries
like China and India will remain
high compared to Mexico,
Japan and Spain.[2]
Population of Venezuela =
27,150,095ppl.
on the last
statistics. The new preliminary
results from 2011 is aprox.
28.750.000~28.900.000 ppl. [3]
6/23
Justifications
Region conditions
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One of the dryest areas of the
country
Only one river located in the
peninsula
Weather: arid (savannah)
Average annual rain < 300 mm
Strong winds 35 km/h
Highest precipitation at the end
of the year (i.e. Novembber
~83,5mm)
Average temperature 27°28°C.
[4]
7/23
Justifications
Climate Change
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Weather changes will impact the area to a case of extreme drought if
temperatures keep rising.
There will be a great effect on the agriculture activity.
Venezuela has a medium temperature change. Venezuela ranking is Fair [5]
8/23
Justification
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Climate change increases environmental and social problems and food
security will be at risk
There is a need to increase adaptation capacity to changes in agriculture and
other food processing
Food systems should change to better satisfy demand
This project involves local and country authorities and therefore can serve as
an example for other regions in the long term
Needs to involve other investment sources, innovation and local will to build
a food system for the population
Sustainable agriculture, improvement of infrastructure, recovery of
degraded ecosystems are part of a long term development.
Contributes to diminish the impacts of climate change in the region,
provides sustainable food security to the population
It can cause a relocation of the plant and create an economic negative
impact in the area
This plant is an example of where, how and when to take action.
9/23
The problem
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The growth of the Paraguaná Península has provided economic
development, but public services keep collapsing today continuously during
high tourists seasons.
Drinkable water is much more inefficient in rural areas due to damage
infrastructures and high population demand
The state of Falcón has many problems with water distribution, pumping
stations, not enough infrastructures for collection and water treatment.
An aqueduct (from Maticora) is being built but it is still estimated not to be
enough
Bigger problems arise such as social, sanitary and economic due to high
unemployment rate and migrations of the area decreasing living conditions.
There are communities with no drinkable water systems and others that are
being restricted, and communities with low pressure in lines due to
conditions of infrastructure and illegal supply point of piping systems.
Action is needed!!!
10/23
Important points
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This is a social project in the area.
Proposes treatment for all effluents to be used on farms land for irrigation
It will contribute to aquifer recharge
It presently has critical conditions due to: intense drought of the region
Contains brackish water
No close natural water sources other than wells.
This plant is a proposal to cope with all problems mentioned previously,
improve socioeconomic situation of the region and encourage cattle
activities.
11/23
Objective
Warning: this topic is delicate to some sensitive people due to its content
on meat processing.
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This is a economic need and therefore concerns public health
To produce good quality meat for the region
Obtain good quality sub products:
Edible: guts, heart, liver, organs used for sausages etc..
Inedible: blood, skin, fat, bones, etc.
Water treatment of the plant includes:
Physical-chemical treatment to reduce inorganic contaminants
(solids, grease, oils) needs few space and low cost [7].
Biological treatment of urban waters (large volumes and low
contaminants). Building small vases which increases the cost and the
need of space.
The use of sand filters to provide quality water for farms
12/23
Basis for Design
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The plant will:
– Minimize water contamination and consumption
– Improvement of the treatment systems.
The region has a couple more of industrial slaughterhouses that up until
now did not considered the treatment of the water.
13/23
Basis for Design
1Lt = 125.400 mg. DBO
1 Cow =10Lt = 1.25 Kg. DBO
1 Person = 0.090Kg DBO/day
1 Cow = 14 People
400M Cow/year = 5.6 MM
People
Residual water comes from:
•10-15% from the salting and guts
processing,
•20-25% from sausages and ham
making;
•and 60- 70% cleaning water
14/23
Basis for Design
The slaughterhouse processes about 300 units/day. It has a
place for butchering. This means about 600 m3 of water/day[6]
Volume of water used
Units processed per day
Litres of water /kg weight of the unit alive
(L/kg)
Average Weight of 1 unit
Vol. Water used /unitl (L)
Vol. Water used /unitl m3)
Total water used/day (m3)
300
5
400
2000
2
600
15/23
Basis for Design
Parameter
pH
DQO (mg/l)
DBO5 (mg/l)
SS
Nitrates
Oils, grease
(mg/l)
Average Value Peak value
6.5-8
6-8.5
3500
10000
1300
6500
700
2700
300
650
500
1500
Limits
~7
500
300
300
70
40
Consider the limits regulations
Theoretical composition of residual water was established from the
Munich Municipal slaughterhouse.
Established that when the blood and residual products are not collected
properly, the organic charge can be 2 or three times more than it
reports.
16/23
The Plant Design
Pretreatment: to
remove suspended
solids;
Equipment
• Pumping units.
• Screens.
• Homogenization
vassel.
• Pumping into the
physical-chemical
treatment
Primary treatment:
to remove organic
matter;
Equipment
• Floatation unit.
• Tanks 300 m3
capacity
• Pumping system
into bacteria tanks (
• 4,5 m height x 10 m
diameter)
• - Secondary
decatation(10,7 m
diameter X 3,8 m.
height)
Secondary and
Tertiary treatment:
to remove nitrates
and phosphates, ss.
Equipment
• Oxidation tanks
• Sludge treatment
• Sand filters
17/23
The Plant Design
Preliminary Treatment
Used for larger solids, uses U-tubes for grease an foam, and fine solids.
Consists of srceens/grids to get rid off large particles such as meat, bones,
skin.Prevents clogs and improves efficiency of subsuequent units
Primary Treatment: Up to 95 % of SS and 70% BOD removed
Physicochemical Treatment: Addition of coagulants and flocculants for
sedimentation
Clarification: separates the floating particles from the heavier ones.
Primary sedimentation is essential before filters
Sedimentation tanks (horizontal) for heavy contaminants should allow 6 hr.
retention period. Effluents > 1000 m3/d may use mechanical scrappers.
Cylindrical sedimentation tanks are more efficient for medium size
effluents, and have a higher cost.
The stream is free of toxic substances before using it as fertilizers (~3-5 %
solids)
Sludge streams are recommended to be dried for small and medium size
effluents
18/23
The Plant Design
Secondary Treatment
To get rid of nitrates and phosphates
Oxidation tanks
This treatment depends on the budget considered, and space
available
It is recommended to used together with other industries
Tertiary Treatment
Treats >99%of SS and decreases DBO5.
Technologies such as Reverse Osmosis and electro-dialysis are used
to improve the quality of the water, as well as Ozone for disinfection.
Brine Streams
Normally they go to a river, lake, or the municipal sewage system.
Activated carbon, pH control and sand filters are used
Higher Cost
For this case the water will go into tertiary treatment so it can
used in farmland for irrigation
19/23
Other technical aspects
•Extract reusable substances and those that clog pipes
• Water sources >30 C must be decreased first
•Guts are digested in a biogas installation at 30°C for about 25 days,
together with feces, and sludge from separators and clarification units.
•Residual waters decompose first (anaerobic) with digested sludge in
heating units for 2-3 days.
•Pretreated water can pass by a biologic treatment tank by filtration for
54 hr. and 8hrs at the end of clarification or oxidation tanks
•Residual waters are first disinfected with Cl before chemical
precipitation and sedimentation
•Sludge treatment uses heating digesters for stabilization
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Duration of the project 18-24 months
Investment: US$545.000 (equipmetn and instalation)
20/23
Conclusions
It is expected:
•That the water treatment plant total removal reaches about 85% of
contaminants (DBO5, DQO y SST) and together with the tertiary
system up to a 95%.
•Meat production increase
•Sub product production increase
•Better quality products
•Health concerns diminishes
•Food security guaranteed and sustainability
•Contributions to cope with climate changes (aquifer recharge) and
treatment of residues
•Cattle farmers will strengthen their technological capacities as well
as business and organizational
•Water will meet standards to be used in farm land
•Less volatile substances to produce safety concerns
•Project with few residues and more cleaner production
•Employment generation
21/23
Bibliography
[1] Schwikert, Shane et. al. Water Scarcity: Tomorrow´s Problems. U. of
Michigan.
[2] United Nations. The 2008 Revision Population Database
[3] Venezuela Governement http://www.ine.gov.ve/
[4] World Bank. Climate Change Knowledge Portal. http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/
[5] Getting Off The Grid – A Blueprint for A New Life. 2011
[6] Penalba., M. Replanteamiento para la depuracion de las aguas residuales en
mataderos.
[7] Munoz M. Deyanira. System of Residual Water Treatment of Slaughet
House: For smaller population. 2000 inhabitants. Facultad de Ciencias
Agropecuarias Vol 3 No.1 Marzo 2005
[8] Jhoniers Guerrero E. Et al. Manejo ambiental de Residuos en Mataderos de
Pequenos Municipios. Scientia et Technica Año X, No 26, Diciembre 2004. UTP.
ISSN 0122-1701
[9] FAO. Tratamiento de los deshechos y eliminacion de las aguas residuales
1997
22/23
Thank you very much for your attention
Author: Arregoitia Sarabia, Carla Adriana
Arrher Research Division
Contact infromation: carla.arregoitia@arrher.com
23/23