“STGR for Distributed Generation in
Rural Settings with
co – generation in India”
5th Nuclear Energy Conclave
Friday, 6th September 2013, India Habitat
Centre, New Delhi
By: Remond R. Pahladsingh
NEW DELHI
SEPTEMBER 06 - 2013
My Background
• Aluminum Industry (ALCOA)
• Nuclear Industry (The NETHERLANDS GKN &
USA – PRA manager – ESBWR)
• Power Generation and Distribution (Power T&D
and Strategic Planning and Electricity
Technology Roadmap SEP/TENNET
– Impact Deregulation
– Impact Liberalization
• HTGR From 2007 (after K6/K7 ACCIDENT):
– INHERENTLY SAFE NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY
INDIA IN THE NUCLEAR
WORLD
TILL 2006 - IN THE ISOLATED NUCLEAR
WORLD FOR POWER GENERATION - THE
CANDU TECHNOLOGY WAS THE ONLY
TECHNOLOGY FOR INDIA.
MOST CANDU REACTORS IN CANADA AND
INDIA.
IS THE CANDU THE BEST TECHNOLOGY FOR
THE FUTURE OF INDIA?
AN OPPORTUNITY FOR INNOVATION
AND THOUSANDS OF JOBS
U.S. President George W. Bush and India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
exchange handshakes in New Delhi on March 2, 2006
Nuclear Power in India –
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/India/
(Updated 13 August 2013)

India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to
have 14,600 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020. It aims to supply 25% of electricity
from nuclear power by 2050.

Because India is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty due to its weapons
program, it was for 34 years largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials,
which has hampered its development of civil nuclear energy until 2009.

Due to these trade bans and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquely been
developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of thorium.

Now, foreign technology and fuel are expected to boost India's nuclear power plans
considerably. All plants will have high indigenous engineering content.

India has a vision of becoming a world leader in nuclear technology due to its
expertise in fast reactors and thorium fuel cycle.
THE STGR FITS EXCELLENTLY IN THIS INDIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAM
PLANNED NEW REACTORS PAGE 1
PLANNED REACTORS DO NOT FIT IN THORIUM
NUCLEAR PROGRAM FOR INDIA
Power reactors planned or firmly proposed
Reactor
State
Type
MWe gross, each
Project control
Start
construction
Start
operation
Kudankulam 3
Tamil Nadu
PWR – AES 92
1050
NPCIL
2014?
2019
Kudankulam 4
Tamil Nadu
PWR – AES 92
1050
NPCIL
2014?
2020
Jaitapur 1 & 2
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
PWR – EPR x 2
1700
NPCIL
2013
2018-19
Kaiga 5 & 6
Karnataka
PHWR x 2
700
NPCIL
2012
Kudankulam 5 & 6
Tamil Nadu
PWR – AES 92 or AES2006
1050-1200
NPCIL
2014
Haryana
(Fatehabad
Gorakhpur/Kumbariya 1 & district)
2
Chutka 1 & 2
Madhya Pradesh
Bheempur 1 & 2
Madhya Pradesh
Banswada
Rajasthan
Kalpakkam 2 & 3
Tamil Nadu
PHWR x 2
700
NPCIL
2013-14
PHWR x 2
PHWR x 2
PHWR x 2
FBR x 2
NPCIL
NPCIL
NPCIL
Bhavini
6 & 12/2015
2014?
2014?
2014
Subtotal planned
18 units
700
700
700
500
15,100 -15,700
MWe
1050-1200
NPCIL
(Fatehabad PHWR x 2
700
NPCIL or NPCILNTPC
PHWR x 2
700
NPCIL
Kudankulam 7 & 8
Tamil Nadu
Haryana
Kumharia / Gorakhpur 3 & district)
4
Rajouli, Nawada
Bihar
PWR – AES 92 or AES2006
2019-21
2018-19
2020, 21
2019-20
PLANNED NEW REACTORS PAGE 2
PLANNED (BLUE) REACTORS DO NOT FIT IN
THORIUM NUCLEAR PROGRAM FOR INDIA
?
PWR x 2
1000
NPCIL/NTPC
Jaitapur 3 & 4
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
PWR – EPR
1700
NPCIL
2016
?
?
Jaitapur 5 & 6
Markandi
Sonapur)
?
500
300
1600
Bhavini
NPCIL
NPCIL
2014
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
FBR x 2
AHWR
PWR – EPR
Orissa
PWR 6000 MWe
Mithi Virdi 1-2
Bhavnagar, Gujarat (Saurashtra region)
2 x AP1000
1250
NPCIL
2014?
Mithi Virdi 3-4
Bhavnagar, Gujarat
2 x AP1000
1250
NPCIL
2015
Kovvada 1-2
Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh
2 x ESBWR
1350-1550 (1400?) NPCIL
site
2014
Kovvada 3-4
Nizampatnam 1-6
2 x ESBWR
Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
6x?
West Bengal (but likely relocated, maybe to PWR x 4 VVER1200
Orissa)
PWR x 4
West Bengal
VVER1200
(Pati
Haripur 1-2
Haripur 3-4
1350-1550
NPCIL
1400
NPCIL
1200
2014?
1200
2017
Pulivendula
Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh
PWR? PHWR?
2x1000? 2x700?
Chutka 3-4
Mithi Virdi 5-6
Kovvada 5-6
Madhya Pradesh
Bhavnagar, Gujarat
Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh
PHWR x 2
AP1000 x 2
ESBWR x 2
1400
1250 x 2
1400? x 2
45,000 MWe
approx
Subtotal proposed
approx 39
For WNA reactor table: first 20 units 'planned', next (estimated) 40 'proposed'.
NPCIL 51%, AP Genco
49%
BHEL-NPCIL-GE?
2023-24
202122
2017
2019
201920
202021
works, 201920
201921
202223
Business » Markets
New Delhi, June 13, 2012
http://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/indias-import-bill-jumps-40-to-140-billion/article3523906.ece
Updated: June 13, 2012 17:49 IST
India’s import bill jumps 40% to $140 billion
Petroleum Minister S.Jaipal Reddy. File photo: PTI
INDIA COAL FOR POWER GENERATION
355 x 1000.000 x 87 = 30.88 BILLION $ PER YEAR.
60 % POWER GENERATION CAPACITY.
IMPORTS: 15.5 BILLION $/YEAR
India coal imports hit record high on slow
domestic output: sources
Reuters New Delhi,
May 08, 2013
http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/
India-coal-imports-hit-record-high-on-slow-domestic-output-sources/Article1-1056877.aspx
A drop in global coal prices, however, softened the impact of the surging
imports on India's finances, with the country forking out about $15.5 billion
for the commodity in the year ended March 31, a less than 1% rise from
the previous year, the data obtained by Reuters showed.
Benchmark prices slid to as low as $80.82 a tonne during 2012/13 from more
than $105 in the prior year and are currently quoted at around $87.
TEN-CONSORTIUMS SOLUTION:
1: MINIMIZE OIL IMPORTS FOR 140 BILLION $/YEAR
2: STOP COAL IMPORTS FOR 15.5 BILLION $/YEAR
TOTAL SAVINGS CAN REACH (140 + 15.5) =
155.5 BILLION $/YEAR.
INDIA THORIUM DEPOSITS
Source: IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency – TECDOC 1450
NEWS 04-SEPTEMBER-2013
30 % OF THORIUM ALREADY EXPORTED
CONSEQUENCES EXPORT OF THORIUM
1. IF PROVEN DEPOSITS ARE 319.000 TONS, THAN
INDIA HAS EXPORTED ALREADY (195.300/319.000)
= 61 % OF ITS THORIUM.
2. IF PROVEN DEPOSITS ARE 650.000 TONS, THAN
ALREADY (195.000/650.000) = 30 % OF ITS
THORIUM
3. FOR 250.000 MW POWER GENERATION WE NEED
80 TONS OF THORIUM PER YEAR.
4. 80 TONS OF THORIUM @ 200 $/KG = 16 MILLION $
FOR RAW MATERIAL PER YEAR.
5. INDIA GAVE AWAY 195.000/80 = 2.440 YEAR OF
ELECTRICITY (NOT INCLUDED COGENERATION).
MR. TULI’S REQUEST TO VISIT INDIA IN
2007 FOR SGR AS IPP PLANT
•
•
•
•
•
VISIT KARNATAKA – POWER SECTOR
VISIT GUJARAT - GMDC
VISIT MAHARASHTRA- MINISTER ENERGY
VISIT MADHYA PRADESH- MINISTER ENERGY
VISIT GOA – CHIEF MINISTER
• THE STGR COULD HAVE BEEN IN
OPERATION IN INDIA IN 2010!!!
GREAT EXPECTATION IN INDIA FOR THE
FUTURE UNCLEAR NUCLEAR INDUSTRY
•
2004:
–
•
2007:
–
–
–
–
•
DREAM OPEN MARKET FOR IPP NUCLEAR POWER
INVASION OF INDIA BY INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR
INDUSTRY FOR LARGE POWER PLANTS
GREAT EXPECTATIONS FOR NUCLEAR IPP TO ENTER
THE INDIAN ENERGY MARKET
SET- BACK WAS THE K6/K7 (Kashiwazaki 6 and 7GE-ABWR) ACCIDENT IN JAPAN
2010:
–
•
IN 2004 INSAC CONFERENCE
INDIAN DECISION NOT TO OPEN THE MARKET
2011:
– REAL SET BACK WAS THE FUKUSHIMA
ACCIDENT (RECENT LEAKS WATER!!!)
LETTER PM The NETHERLANDS
OPPORTUNITIES IN THE
COLLABORATION:
1: ONE (1) STGR/DAY
- 30 BILLION €/YEAR
MULTIPLIER (3)
- 90 € BILLION/YEAR
2: FUEL:
270 STGR/YEAR
90 x 75.000 PEBBELS/YR
90 x75.000x € 50 =
337.5 € MILLION/YR 1ST
YEAR
Minister-President Balkenende opent in Peking
het jubileumcongres Energy for the Future van
TU-Delft en Tsinghua Universiteit
SINCE 2007 AFTER KASHIWAZAKI K6/K7
EARTHQUAKE INCIDENT IN JAPAN,
FOCUS OF TEN|CONSORTIUM ONLY ON
INHERENTLY SAFE NUCLEAR
TECHNOLOGY
PARTNERS
COVRA N.V.
STGR 20 – 2 x 20 MW Power Station
by EPC CONTRACTOR RRI & M+W
THORIUM FUEL CYCLE IN THE STGR20
SAFEST NUCLEAR BREADING/FISSION PROCES:
REACTOR
HP STEAM
ELECTRIC
POWER
STEAM
GENERATOR
STEAM TO MED
CONDENSATE
STGR PRECESSORS: AVR, THTR, HTR-10
AND HTR - PM
AVR at research center FZJ
Germany 1966-1988
14 MWe
AIR COOLED
CONDENSER
THTR-300 Germany
1986 - 1989
HTR-10 Beijing
2000 - present
200 MW HTR-PM MANUFACTURING
THE STGR TECHNOLOGY IS since 1986 (or
Later in 2000) OUT OF R&D OR
PROTOTYPE PHASE. AFTER THE THTR
THE 200 MW HTR-PM IS THE NEW
COMMERCIAL PEBBLE BED REACTOR
THE HTR-2014 CONFERENCE WILL BE AT THE
SITE WHERE THE HTR-PM IS BUILT AT THE MOMENT
HTR-PM China
2015
DAWN OF MICROPOWER
(THE IMPACT OF DEREGULATION AND LIBERALIZATION)
The dawn of micropower
Aug 3rd 2000
From The Economist print edition
Much of the world gets its electricity from big, inefficient and
power plants situated far from consumers. That will soon change
dirty
STGR FOR RURAL
SETTINGS
INDIA WITH 100.000 VILLAGES
NEEDS DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
AND CO-GENERATION
ADVANTAGE OF STGR FOR LOCAL
POWER GRIDS IN RURAL SETTINGS
No Diesel Generators
No Airpollution
High Reliability Power
High Quality Power
Minimal Power Losses
REACTOR
STEAM
GENERATOR
STEAMTURBINE and GENERATOR
HP STEAM
ELECTRIC
POWER
STEAM TO MED
CONDENSATE
The AVR in Juelich in Rural Settings
AVR at research center FZJ
Germany 1966-1988
14 MWe
AIR COOLED
CONDENSER
INHERENTLY SAFE HTR-10 in Beijing in
RURAL SETTING (2000 – PRESENT)
INHERENT SAFETY
HOW MANY REACTOR YEARS DO YOU NEED
TO PROVE THE SAFETY FOR AN INHERENT
SAFE REACTOR
CURRENT REACTORS NEED MANY
OPERATING YEARS TO PROVE THAT THE
SAFETY SYSTEMS CAN DEAL WITH ANY
ACCIDENTS.
SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR BOILING WATER
REACTOR (FUKUSHIMA)
•
Safety systems PRESENT BWR NUCLEAR REACTORS
– 1.1 Reactor Protection System (RPS)
– 1.2 Emergency core-cooling system (ECCS) • 1.2.1 High-pressure coolant injection system (HPCI)
•
•
•
•
•
•
– 1.3
– 1.4
•
•
– 1.5
– 1.6
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
1.2.2 Isolation Condenser (IC)
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
1.2.3 Reactor core isolation cooling system (RCIC)
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
1.2.4 Automatic depressurization system (ADS)
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
1.2.5 Low-pressure core spray system (LPCS)
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
1.2.6 Low-pressure coolant injection system (LPCI)
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
1.2.7 Depressurization valve system (DPVS) / passive containment cooling system
(PCCS) / gravity-driven cooling system (GDCS)
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
Standby liquid control system (SLCS) NOT NEEDED IN STGR
Containment system
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
1.4.1 Varieties of BWR containments
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
1.4.2 Containment Isolation System
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
Hydrogen management
NOT NEEDED IN STGR
The safety systems in action: the Design Basis Accident NOT SAME
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor_safety_systems
SAFE AND INHERENTLY SAFE REACTORS
• CURRENT SAFE NUCLEAR REACTORS NEED
WITH MANY YEARS OF OPERATION TO
PROVE THAT THE SAFETY SYSTEMS
“DEFENCE IN DEPTH” CAN DEAL WITH ANY
ACCIDENT AND COMPLY WITH THE
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS. THEY STILL
FAIL
• THE INHERENTLY SAFE STGR NUCLEAR REACTOR
NEEDS ONE “1” REACTOR TO PROVE IT CAN
HANDLE ANY POSTULATED ACCIDENT FOR
NUCLEAR REACTORS. THE STGR HAS THREE (3)
PREDECESSORS : (1) AVR, (2) HTR -10 AND (3) SOON
HTR PM 200.
CHERNOBYL, HARRISBURG, FUKUSHIMA
ACCIDENTS AND ABSOLUTE SAFE TEST HTR 10
1 - CHERNOBYL
FISSION ACCIDENT
2 HARRISBURG ACCIDENT – CORE MELT
FUKUSHIMA ACCIDENT – COREMELT + HYDROGEN
EXPLOSION
STGR
HTR 10
ACCIDENT 1 AND 2 TESTED ON HTR 10
HTR 10 STOPS AND HAS TO BE RESTARTED
Date: 24 September 2004;
10:30 hours Beijing, China
HTR 10: Test: 1: Remove control rod; positive reactivity addition 5.0*10 -3 k/k
2: Stop helium coolant circulator
PRESENT BWR WITH
SAFETY SYSTEMS
(No Isolation Condenser)
SIMPLE STGR WITH
NO SAFETY SYSTEMS
THE STGR POWER
STATION AND ITS FUEL
STGR 20 THORIUM STEAM CYCLE POWER
PLANT
REACTOR
STEAM
GENERATOR
STEAMTURBINE and GENERATOR
HP STEAM
ELECTRIC
POWER
STEAM for
RESIDENTIAL
HEATING
SYSTEM
CONDENSATE from
RESIDENTAIL HEATING
SYSTEM
THE STGR MAIN FEATURES :
• SIMPLICITY
• INHERENT SAFETY
• LOW COST ELECTRICITY (ABOUT 5 $cent
per kWh.
• HIGH QUALITY DRINKING WATER FOR
3 cent per Liter
• AIR-CONDITIONING WITH ABSORPTION
COOLING (Proven Technology)
• USED PEBBLES FOR GAMMA-RADIATION
APPLICATIONS (Food Preservation - NEW)
Simple Controlroom HTR-10
THORIUM, THE OTHER FUEL .
By: Prof. Dr. J.A. Goedkoop, Date: 27-January 1994 (Late director of the ECN Netherlands
The fission of uranium has become a mature technique.
Disadvantages are the proliferation danger and the creation of longliving actinides, which make geological storage necessary.
An
alternative is the fission of thorium (THROUGH U233).
U233 – U235 – 239 FISSILE
THORIUM
THORIUM
STGR
TSGR
PLUTONIUM
Fast Breeder
Reactor
See: Chart of the Nuclides
http://www.nucleonica.net/wiki/index.php?title=Category:KNC
KNAW, 13 oktober 2006
FUEL PLANT: NO MULTI BILLION $ PLANT
(IDEAL FOR EMPLOYMENT AND MANY LOCAL JOBS)
CONSTRUCTION FUEL PLANT: 24 MONTHS
FUEL PLANT COST: 30 MILLION DOLLAR
OUTPUT:
1.000.000 PEBBELS PER YEAR
PRICE PER PEBBLE: 50 € (50 MILLION PER YEAR)
FUEL KERNEL WITH Pu AND Th
FRESH STGR FUEL IS SAFE
STGR APPLICATIONS
THE STGR IS FACTORY MANUFACTURED AND
TRANSPORTED TO THE SELECTED SITE FOR
ERECTION. THIS GUARANTEES MINIMAL
CONSTRUCTION TIME OF 36 MONTHS.
THE STGR IS IDEAL FOR “PRODUCTION IN
SERIES” AND THE FUEL IS IDEAL FOR “MASS
PRODUCTION”.
ALL CAN BE: MADE IN INDIA
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION WITH
3: PROCESS HEAT
THE PROBLEM FOR INDIA, CHINA AND
SOUTH AFRICA
GAMMARAYS FOR FOODPRESERVATION
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
• REDUCTION OF LAND USE BY
PRESERVATION AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCE
• REDUCTION OF
– WATER, FERTILIZER, PESTICIDES
– CROP LOSSES AND COOL STORAGE
Gamma Rays
• CLEAN DRINKING WATER
• HYGIENE FOR MEDICAL WORLD
55
Gamma Rays from the STGR or
Pebbles can be used for
FOOD PRESERVATION
STGR AND AIR POLLUTION FREE HYDROGEN
ECONOMY
Super Grid of the Future Integrates Superconducting
Transmission with H2 and Electricity Energy Carriers
Supermarket
Home
School
Family Car
STGR 20
plant
H2
MgB2
Hydrogen Pumpstation
Source: EPRI
WHAT CAN STGR DO FOR INDIA
USA ROADMAP
500 MW/DAY
CONCLUSIONS - 1
• INDIA HAS AROUND 600.000 TONNES OF THORIUM DEPOSITS
AND EXPORTED AROUND 30% OF THAT SO FAR, AS PER CNIS
NOT AN OPEN MARKET FOR NUCLEAR INNOVATION. THIS
CREATES A HUGE LOSS OF FOREIGN CURRENCY OF OVER
REPORT
• 80 TONNES OF THORIUM CAN SUSTAIN 250.000 MW OF
ELECTRICITY GENERATION CAPACITY EQUIVALENT TO
REQUIRING 1250 MILLION TONNES PER YEAR OF COAL.
• STGR IS A MATURE TECHNOLOGY AND SPEADY
MULTIPLICATION OF THESE SMALL NUCLEAR REACTORS CAN
CHANGE THE ECONOMY OF INDIA.
• STGR WITH SIMPLE DESIGN AND MODULAR MANUFACTURING
IS THE SAFEST, MINIMAL ECONOMICAL RISK, NUCLEAR
REACTOR AVAILABLE IN THE WORLD TODAY.
• LOCAL STGR’S CAN TREMENDOUSLY REDUCE THE T&D
LOSSES IN ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS AND
REDUCE THEFT AND IMPROVE ACCOUNTING
CONCLUSIONS - 2
• STGR CAN GIVE:
– PURE DRINKING WATER FROM SEA
– PRESERVATION OF FOOD
– HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN OF PEAK HOURS FOR
MIXING WITH NATURAL GAS
– AIR CONDITIONING WITH ABSORPTION COOLING
• TEN|CONSORTIUM IS OPEN TO ENTER IN TECHNICAL
COLLABORATION WITH BARC
AND HELP SET UP WITH
NPCIL/ONGC FEW DEMOMSTRATION
PLANTS TO ESTABLISH STGR
TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA BY 2017
• INDIA INNOVATE !!
STGR 20 – 2 x 20 MW (RRI & M+W)