Victoria Transport Policy Institute
1250 Rudlin Street, Victoria, BC, V8V
3R7, CANADA
www.vtpi.org
info@vtpi.org
Phone & Fax 250-360-1560
“Efficiency - Equity - Clarity”
Reinventing Transportation
Exploring the Paradigm Shift Needed
to Reconcile Transportation and
Sustainability Objectives
By
Todd Litman
Victoria Transport Policy Institute
27 June, 2003
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Abstract
Write down one word that comes into your thought
when you read the following word:
Transport
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Words contributed by the participants:
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“Improving transport”
What do you understand by that?
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Why do people need transportation?
Because it gives them the ability to move from one
place to another.
Is mobility a necessity in life?
Yes, it is.
Mobility give people access to………
So, transportation is all about
accessibility and mobility?
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How to improve the
mobility and accessibility of people?
=
How to improve transport?
Do they both mean the same?
If not what is the difference?
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Mobility:
Efficient movement of people and goods
where congestion or inadequate roads need not be a problem
Accessibility:
ability to reach opportunities
where congestion or inadequate roads should not be a problem
Traffic:
vehicle movement and speed
where congestion or inadequate roads is a problem
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Source: http://www.gdrc.org/uem/sustran/access-mobility.html
In road-focused approach:
access to services, goods and contacts requires
a lots of mobility,
as it is in the case of remote rural areas.
Is it?
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What are the problems associated with automobile
dependent cities?
Ecological
problems
Economic
problems
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Social
problems
Gigatonnes CO2-equivalent GHGs emissions per year
LDV means
Light Duty Vehicles
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Global transport greenhouse gas emissions
by transport type (WBCSD, 2004)
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which
pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s
BRT buses move quickly through the
city transporting 2 million people daily,
which is 70% of the cities population.
GDP per capita of Curitiba increased
from 10% to 65% above the national
average during 1980 to 1996.
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Investing
in Sustainable
12 Nov 2010
- BRT system is different
from conventional bus
service
- BRT run in dedicated
lanes
- BRT have signal priority
so they spend less time
stopped at red lights
- BRT board passengers
through all doors after
paying fares at station
platforms
- Space for the busway is
often re-allocated from
existing traffic or parking
lanes
Transport could lead to higher economic growth
BRT helps to reduce transport-related pollution,
improves urban transport,
Mexico’s
improves accessibility,
BRT
Improves traffic safety,
system
improves public security,
and boosts the quality of public spaces in the City.
The existing 20 km
BRT line (is being
extended to 220 km in
five years) already
carries more than
260,000 passengers
each day and has
shortened commute
times by up to an hour
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Source: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/09/mexico_city_may.php
Bogotá, Colombia built 70
miles of bicycle routes
and closed several streets
to cars (converting them
into pedestrian malls).
- The initial $350 million, 38 km TransMilenio system was
introduced in less than 2 years.
- The buses are able to carry 780,000 people a day at an
average speed of 26 km per hr.
- Unlike expensive subways or elevated trains, the
TransMilenio actually runs at a profit.
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http://archive.wri.org/newsroom/wrifeatures_text.cfm?ContentID=880
The Transjakarta Busway in
Indonesia, Asia’s biggest BRT,
began operations in February
2004 amid stiff opposition - but
its success silenced critics.
The system carries 100,000
passengers a day, three times the
number when it started. It is so
popular that six corridors will be
added in the next 3 years.
R. Shanthini
12 Nov 2010Source:
http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2006/1757/propertyvalue-26756.htm
TransSantiago
BRT system in
Santiago, Chile
failed
catastrophically.
Why?
http://embarq.wri.org/documentupload/Willumsen_Transantiago_short.pdf
http://embarq.wri.org/documentupload/Correa_Transantiago_short.pdf
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World Carfree Day
September 22
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Source: http://www.worldcarfree.net/wcfd/
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How to access services, goods and contacts with
less mobility?
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Shanghai
Overpass
– a transport
solution
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London is the largest
city to adopt
congestion pricing
cutting traffic and air
pollution, fighting climate
change to create highquality public spaces
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“Congestion pricing is a
superior gridlock and pollution
solution because it has a
financial incentive that
discourages driving,
encourages mass transit and
funds it.”
- Michael Replogle
Source: http://www.sutp.org/content/view/1041/1/lang,uk/
Congestion pricing works by shifting purely
discretionary rush hour highway travel to other
transportation modes or to off-peak periods, taking
advantage of the fact that the majority of rush hour
drivers on a typical urban highway are not commuters.
Airline tickets and
phone rates use
congestion pricing
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Source: http://www.sutp.org/content/view/1041/1/lang,uk/
Paris created an individualized mass
transit system called Vélib
(“Freedom Bikes”).
People pay a low fee to use the
bikes from one of the 1,200 bike
parking stations located in the city
and they can return the bikes to any
station they wish.
cutting traffic and air
pollution, fighting climate
change to create highquality public spaces
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By the end of 2007, Vélib had more
than 1,200 stations and 15,000 bikes
in the system. As of November
2007, more than 11 million trips have
been made on these bikes.
Source: http://www.sutp.org/content/view/1041/1/lang,uk/
$120 million
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- Paris is revitalizing community life in public spaces
- Paris is prioritizing pedestrians by renovating public
squares and plazas, widening sidewalks, and adding new
landscaping and raised crosswalks
- Paris has built more than 314 km of bike lanes, and
bicycling has increased 48% during the past 5 years
- 3 corridors of the new BRT system also opened in 2007
- private vehicle traffic is decreased by 20%
- CO2 emissions is reduced by 9%
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Source: http://www.sutp.org/content/view/1041/1/lang,uk/
What about the terrain?
Could you bicycle in Kandy with its high slopes?
To experience an invention for cyclists on a
slope in a country that gets very cold,
visit
http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/09/the_bicycle_lif.php
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Isn’t it risky to ride a bicycle on city roads?
To experience cyclists lives on a busy Dutch
intersection without any traffic controls,
visit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpHlj5j7nyY
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Both the stop sign and stop light were invented in
Detroit — ca. 1915 and 1920, respectively!
Urban streets had been happily and safely shared by
pedestrians, cyclists, horses, and whatnot.
Traffic regulations only became necessary once cars
began choking the streets, since cars’ size and speed
make them nearly incapable of civilly sharing the road.
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Source: http://www.projetmontreal.org/programme/elements.php?lang=en
When
everyone
drives a
car,
there will
be no
space on
the road to
drive it.
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12 Nov 2010
Source: www.sustainable-transport.net/
Sustainable Transport, Not Highways Help
Economic Growth
In the past fears have been raised that investments
and incentives to shift to more sustainable forms of
transport would harm economic growth.
Recent studies show this is not the case.
A report to the World Bank prepared by researchers
at Murdoch University is turning this way of thinking
on its head.
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Source: The Natural Edge Project, Australia
Professor Peter Newman, states:
“We’ve found that cities which emphasise walking,
cycling and public transport are healthier
financially and spend less of their wealth on
transport costs.”
“The land required to build the infrastructure and
its subsequent requirements for parking; a single
lane of railway can carry up to 50,000 persons
per hour, a bus way can carry 7,000 persons per
hour and a highway lane just 2,500 persons per
hour.”
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Kenworthy, J., Laube, F., Newman, P. and Barter, P. (1997)
Indicators of transport efficiency in 37 cities, Report to World Bank, ISTP,
Murdoch University, Western Australia.
Professor Peter Newman, states:
“The direct cost to households of owning a car is
considerable, especially if it is a second or third
car. A study in Australia showed that a household
could save AUD$750,000 over a lifetime if a
second car could be avoided.”
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Kenworthy, J., Laube, F., Newman, P. and Barter, P. (1997)
Indicators of transport efficiency in 37 cities, Report to World Bank, ISTP,
Murdoch University, Western Australia.
Professor Peter Newman, states:
“The opportunity cost of such capital and land
can be considerable if seen on a whole-city
basis. The difference between the most
competitive cities, in terms of their
transportation costs as a proportion of city
wealth, and the least competitive (5-8%
compared to 12-18%) can be equivalent to an
extra day a week of work in car dependent
cities.”
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Newman, P. (1998) ‘Transport’, Interview transcript from Radio National
Earthbeat, 12.09.98.
Available at http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/earth/stories/s13083.htm
Accessed 3 September 2007.
Sustainable Transport Checklist
(1997 Engineers Australia Checklist for Sustainable Transport)
1)Ensure Access and Equity
- Meet basic transport related needs of all people, including the
poor, disabled, rural residents, women, young people and
business.
- Increase options for access.
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Greene, D. (1997) Engineering Frameworks for Sustainability: Sustainable
Transport Checklist, Engineers Australia.
Sustainable Transport Checklist
(1997 Engineers Australia Checklist for Sustainable Transport)
2) Make Cities more Efficient and Liveable
- Give priority to residential development that encourages
neighbourhoods with services and employment opportunities
accessible by pedestrians and cyclists.
-
-
Develop transit-oriented urban villages.
Implement traffic calming measures to reduce speed,
improve safety and improve amenity.
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See Traffic Calming at ttp://www.trafficcalming.org/index.html.
Available 18 October 2007.
Sustainable Transport Checklist
(1997 Engineers Australia Checklist for Sustainable Transport)
3) Integrate Transport Planning, Development and
Operation
- Integrate transport and land use planning.
- Develop government structures which can consider all
transport needs.
- Design funding arrangements that can distribute funds in
accordance with agreed strategic directions.
- Ensure that transport planning and decision-making reflects
commitments to sustainability.
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Source: The Natural Edge Project, Australia
Sustainable Transport Checklist
(1997 Engineers Australia Checklist for Sustainable Transport)
4) Design and Operate Environmentally Sensitive
Transport Systems
- Ensure protection of ecosystems in design, construction and
operation.
- Reduce noise.
- Ensure protection of historic and cultural sites.
- Minimise air and water emissions from transport.
Protect biodiversity.
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Source: The Natural Edge Project, Australia
Sustainable Transport Checklist
(1997 Engineers Australia Checklist for Sustainable Transport)
4)
- Ensure protection of ecosystems in design, construction and
operation.
- Reduce noise.
- Ensure protection of historic and cultural sites.
- Minimise air and water emissions from transport.
Protect biodiversity.
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Source: The Natural Edge Project, Australia
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Source: The Natural Edge Project, Australia
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