A Visual Tour of
the Effect of per Capita Income
-around the world in 30 minutes-
Bhutan
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Per capita income: $174
Population doubling time: 30 years
Male life expectancy: 47 years
Female life expectancy: 49 years
Fertility rate: 5.9 children/woman
Population density: 94/sq mile
Mali
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Per capita income: $251
Population doubling time: 20 years
Male life expectancy: 47 years
Female life expectancy: 50 years
Fertility rate: 7.1 children/woman
Population density: 22.6/ sq mile
Haiti
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Per capita income: $374
Population doubling time: 35 years
Male life expectancy: 53 years
Female life expectancy: 56 years
Fertility rate: 4.8 children/woman
Population density: 666/sq mile
China
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Per capita income: $364
Population doubling time: 49 years
Male life expectancy: 67 years
Female life expectancy: 71 years
Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman
Population density: 335/ sq mile
Guatemala
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Per capita income: $944
Population doubling time: 24 years
Male life expectancy: 61 years
Female life expectancy: 66 years
Fertility rate: 5.4 children/woman
Population density: 252/ sq mile
Uzbekistan
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Per capita income: $978
Population doubling time: 33.4 years
Male life expectancy: 66 years
Female life expectancy: 73 years
Fertility rate: 4.4 children/woman
Population density: 132/sq mile
Thailand
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Per capita income: $1697
Population doubling time: 55 years
Male life expectancy: 66 years
Female life expectancy: 72 years
Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman
Population density: 294/sq mile
Mongolia
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Per capita income: $1820
Population doubling time: 27 years
Male life expectancy: 61 years
Female life expectancy: 64 years
Fertility rate: 4.6 children/woman
Population density: 4/ sq mile
Cuba
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Per capita income: $2,000
Population doubling time: 78 years
Male life expectancy: 74 years
Female life expectancy: 79
Fertility rate: 1.9 children/woman
Population density: 259/sq mile
Israel
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Per capita income: $12,293
Population doubling time: 15 years
Male life expectancy: 74 years
Female life expectancy: 78 years
Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman
Population density: 751/ sq mile
Japan
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Per capita income: $26,824
Population doubling time: 183 years
Male life expectancy: 76 years
Female life expectancy: 82 years
Fertility rate: 1.7 children/woman
Population density: 862/ sq mile
Kuwait
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Per capita income: $16,380
Population doubling time: -- years
Male life expectancy: 72 years
Female life expectancy: 76 years
Fertility rate: 3.7 children/woman
Population density: 174/ sq mile
United States
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Per capita income: $26,000
Population doubling time: 88 years
Male life expectancy: 74 years
Female life expectancy: 78 years
Fertility rate: 2.1 children/woman
Population density: 77/ sq mile
Relation of Values to
Development
• What are the results of increasing GNP?
– Life Expectancy vs GNP
– Well Being vs GNP (actual)
– Well Being vs GNP (theoretical)
GNP vs Life Expectancy
GNP versus Well Being
Generalized GNP vs Well-being
Curve
Environmental Problems in
Survival Phase
• Disease
• Injury
• Starvation
• Environment is viewed as another external
controlling force to be overcome; impacts result
in a new environmental form that is neither better
or worst
Environmental Problems in Premodern Phase
• Plagues, famines
• Wars
• Drinking water contamination
• Environment is viewed as nurturing and resistant
to human impacts; however, big impacts can
bring disaster to family
Environmental Problems in
Modern Phase
• Accidents
• Water, wastewater and air pollution
• Industrial, toxic, and hazardous wastes
• Environment is viewed as a source of raw
materials and as resistant to human impacts; big
impacts can bring disaster to corporations and
bureaucracies
Environmental Problems in Postmodern Phase
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Crowding
Solid wastes
Non-point chemicals
Old age
Resource depletion
Large-scale accidents
Global disruption of natural cycles
Epidemics
Environmental Problems in Postmodern Phase
• For individualist, impacts to the environmental are
often seen as incremental and inconsequential.
Environment is often seen as another consumptive
good.
• For egalitarian, any impact to the environment
may be disastrous. Impacts are seen as additive.
The environment is seen as a place to create the
“good society.”
Important Environmental Values
• Value of non-human life?
• Preservation of richness and diversity of life
forms?
• No, minimal, or tolerable human impacts?
• Sustainability?
• Conservation of areas with no human
impact?
Old Interaction
of Technologies with Society
Perceived Need
Design It
Build It
Deal with Impacts
Attempt
sustainability
Survival
Needs
Individual
Needs
Hierarchical
Needs
Design,
build, minimize
impacts
Egalitarian
Needs
Seek sustainable systems
New Interaction
of Technologies with Society