Renewable Energy in Jordan Desalination of Brackish Water by Solar Energy
By:
Salah Azzam
Director of Energy Research Program
National Center for Research and Development
1
Introduction
1- RE Resource Assessment
2- Current RE Utilizations in Jordan
3- SOLAR WATER PUMPING IN REMOTE AREAS
4- SOLAR BRAKISH WATER DESALINATION
2
Introduction
key research areas of NCRD include:
Energy Research Program:
Renewable Energy (Photovoltaic, Bio Energy (Biomass, Biogas, Bio
fuel , Solar Water Heater, CSP, Wind Energy, EE,), and Oil Shale)
Water and Food Research Program
Biotechnology Research Program
Nano technology Research Program
Badia Research Program
3
Energy Situation in Jordan --I
Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
Crude Oil and Oil Derivatives
4426
4454
4774
6141
Renewable Energy
Natural Gas
128
2697
137
3086
141
2289
130
873
Imported Electricity
137
98
168
313
SUM
7335
7739
7357
7457
97%
Natural Gas
12%
Imported
Electricity
4%
Renewable
Energy
2%
3%
Local Energy Production
Imported Energy
Crude Oil and
Oil Derivatives
82%
Energy Situation in Jordan --- II
Cost of Energy Consumed
Energy Imported Bill
(million JD)
Energy costs as percentage of Imports
& Exports
Exports%
Imports%
GDP%
2008
2763
49
22.9
18.3
2009
1916
42.3
19.2
10.8
2010
2603
52.2
24
13.3
2011
4019
71
31
20
I- RE Resource Assessment
Dr. Christina Class, INCOSOL 2012
6
Map of Global Solar Radiation over Jordan (MEMR) and Royal Geographical
Center, developed by Risø in 1989 ,(W.h/m2/day)
Solar Exclusion Map
“Action Plan for high priority renewable energy initiatives in Southern and
Eastern Mediterranean Area” (REMAP), 2007 (REMAP
Conclusions- solar potential
• With all these restrictions,
• 5% of the surface of Jordan is estimated to be suitable for
developing solar plants. This figure would involve 100 GW = 250
TW.h
• Solar generation capacity economic potential estimation has been
carried out : reducing the economic potentially feasible area to 15
km to the 132 kV grid boundary. ► 1% of the surface of Jordan.
This area means 20 GW of installed capacity, with an electrical
production of 50,000 GWh, being the current annual electrical
consumption in Jordan around 12,000 GWh
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR), with cooperation with Royal
Geographic Center, has provided wind resource map in Jordan at 50 m height a.g.l.:
Exclusion Criteria
• The application of this filter allows estimating the available
area around 41 % of the total surface of Jordan.
• Distance >1000 m of a Residential areas, noise < 40 db.
• Distance < 100 m from the axis of a regional road,
• Distance < 200 m from the axis of highway.
• Lakes and dams (hydrology). Water covered areas are
neglected in the estimation of wind.
• Distance less than 75 km of a line of electric transmission.
Wind Power Exclusion Map
The application of
this filter allows
estimating the
available area
around 16 % of the
total surface of
Jordan. Taking into
account these
figures, the wind
technical potential
is 3.6 GW.
Hydro-power Potential
1- King Talal dam spanning
the river Zarqa, 5 MW.
2- Aqaba thermal power
station 5 MW.
3- Khirbit Al Samra WWTP
3.5 MW
The total capacity of
hydropower is 13.5 MWe, the
total amount of electricity
generated, in 2012, by
hydro-units was 57.6 GWh.
Proposed RED-DEAD Canal :
800-1000 MW
Biogas – Organic Waste
Energy in fertilizers
MWhth/a
%
N
907,130
50.9%
P2O5
814,550
45.7%
K2 O
61,184
3.4%
TOTAL
1,782,863
Summary on potential for electrical power generation in 12
Governorates from 7 substrates, 96.5MW, 273 MW th
Potential of Biogas Energy in MSW Landfills
Waste
deposited, Gg
Average
yearly
deposition,
(Gg)
Years
remaining for
closure
Quantity of
methane
generated
per year (Gg)
Quantity of
methane
generated
(Gg)-2006
20
1,450.80
246
10
20
119.16
Mafraq
10
474.864
74
10
6.1
39
N.Shouneh
10
471.12
118
10
9.7
38.69
Russaifa
15
8,000.00
630
0
51.7
657.07
Al Ghabawi
25
1,606.00
803
23
66
131.9
Dhuleil
10
184.704
56
10
4.6
15.17
Salt
10
519.48
79
10
6.5
42.67
Der alla
3
153.504
74
10
6.1
12.61
Madaba
14
780.312
182
10
14.9
64.09
Karak
10
510.744
89
10
7.3
41.95
Tafila
13
223.08
31
10
2.5
18.32
Shobak
9
122.304
22
10
1.8
10.05
Ail
10
122.928
20
10
1.6
10.1
Ma’an
9
243.36
44
10
3.6
19.99
Aqaba
4
-----
-----
-------
-----
------
Period of
landfill,
year
Akaider
Landfill sites in the middle region
Al Ghabawi
Dhuleil
Salt (Humra)
Der alla
South shouneh
Madaba
Landfill sites in the southern region
Karak
Ghour mazra
Ghour safi
Tafila
Al hussaineeh
Shobak
Ail
Ma’an
Alquairah
Aqaba
Landfill sites in the northern region
Akaider
Mafraq (Huseniyat)
North badia
Al ruaished
Al azraq
North Shuneh
Total Energy in Landfills 356 MW
Energy produced, 2020
203 MWe
49 Mwe
104MWe
Solid Biomass
• The olive cake
represents the solid
biomass resources in
Jordan.
• 47203 tons of olive
cake is generated
every year with a rate
of increase of 4.5%
every year.
Geothermal Potential
Most of these wells are discharging
thermal water range in temperature
from 30 to 62 Co. Azraq Well (Az-1)
is the classic example of these wells.
Azraq well is located about 2 km
south west of North Azraq.
Another well of importance is Smeika
-1 well which is located at 17 km
north of Safawi town.
The temperature is 57°C and the
total dissolved solids are about 600
ppm with high H2S smell. Several
wells have been drilled during the oil
exploration project by Natural
Resources Authority.
Summary Assessments of Renewable Potentials
in Jordan
Source
Theoretical Potential
SOLAR Energy
20 GW
WIND Energy
3.6 GW
Biogas from biomass
96.5 MWe and 273 MWth
Biogas in Landfills
356 MWe
Hydropower
600-1000 MWe
Geothermal
1-Direct uses : residential and District heating, Agricultural uses,
2-Further exploration in high thermal gradient areas (Azraq Basin)
II-CURRENT RE UTILIZATIONS
SOLAR ENERGY – SOLAR WATER HEATERS
• 12% in 2012 according to the last survey done by Department
of Statistics (DOS). The total energy output was estimated at
380 GWh yearly.
the total savings in the primary energy was 61, 218 toe.
• Assuming 24% penetration in the year 2020, The resulting
energy savings are projected to be 760 GWh, or primary
energy savings of 122436 toe.
SOLAR PV
•
the total installed capacity was 0.5 MW in
the year 2006, and 1.6 MW in 2012. Most
of these units have been installed in the
remote areas of Jordan, for the purpose of
lighting, water pumping systems and have
the capability of producing 3.21 GWh per
year. Therefore, the savings in the primary
energy is equivalent to 399 toe.
•
This is expected to rise to 100 MW in the
year 2020, equivalent to 182.5 GWh per
year, or 45493 toe in saving primary
energy.
WIND ENERGY
• Two wind farms are in operation in the Northern
Part of Jordan. The first was installed in AlIbrahemya in 1987 with a capacity of 320 kW. The
second wind farm was installed in Hofa with a
capacity of 1,125 kW. In 2006, the total capacity of
these two wind farms was 1.445 MW with output
of 3.16 GWh per year, equivalent to 789 toe of
primary energy mix).
• It is expected that 500 MW will be available in
2020, with a capacity of 109.5 GWh. This has a
potential saving of 272,957 toe of primary energy.
Biogas
•
In 2006, the total installed capacity of bio-energy was about
3.5 MW in the Russaifa Biogas Plant, and Khirbit ALsamra
WWTP has installed, 6.5 MW in 2011, working on digestion
of waste water, a total of 10 MWe is the total installed
capacity in the year 2012. Capable of producing 74.46 GWh
yearly. This has a potential primary energy equivalent
savings of 18561 toe. The Jordan Bio–Gas Company (owned
equally by CEGCO and Greater Amman Municipality) has
continued to work on the organic waste treatment at the
Rusaifa waste land fill.
•
In 2007, the volume of solid and liquid waste treated,
reached around 5440 tons, and the amount of electricity
generated was 9,494 MWh, The plant consists of two parts,
the first part seeks to restrict and use the gas emissions
from the Rusaifa landfill for generating energy, and the
second part handles the organic waste treatment away
from the source. The waste treatment takes place via a
special reactor for producing the bio–gas and organic
fertilizers.
Solid Biomass-Olive Cake
• 47203 tons of olive cake is
generated every year with a rate
of increase of 4.5% every year.
• Used for direct firing for domestic
heating, fueling boilers, and in
cement industry.
• The heat content in one kg of
olive cake is equivalent to 0.46 kg
of crude oil. The olive cake
resources is equivalent to 21,241
t.o.e and saving 22 359 toe in
primary energy.
Hydropower
•
The King Talal Dam has a 10 MW capacity installation,
and there is a small hydropower project in Aqaba Water
Company,
•
The Khirbit Assamra WWTP installed 2 small micro hydro
turbines of 3.5 MW at the inlet of the plant, to utilize
the kinetic energy in waste water flows from the height
difference between Amman and Zarqa cities.
the total capacity of hydropower is 13.5 MWe with
output 101 GW.h/year which is potential saving of
250.57 toe of primary energy.
•
•
•
Very small power plants could be developed in the
urban water supply systems, but only for very small
capacities. The only strong potential seems to be in the
canal Red Sea – Dead Sea (600 MW), and in pumping
storage in Al-Wehda Dam (200 MW).
Current and Future Installations of RE
The RE Contribution in 2012
Sector
The Expected RE Contribution in 2020
Produc
Produced
Capacity,
ed
Energy
MW
Energy
(GW.hr)
TOE
Primary
Energy
Saved
(TOE)
Capacity,
(MW)
Produced
Energy
(GWh)
Produce
d Energy,
(TOE)
Savings in
the
Primary
Energy
(TOE)
Solar Water Heaters
Concentrated Solar
Power(CSP)
Photovoltaic (PV)
158
380
5556
61218
316
760
65260
122436
0
0
0
0
100
182.5
15695
46162
1.6
3.21
137.6
399
100
182.5
15695
45493
Biogas Thermal, CHP, MWth
15.7
117
10053
29141
78.5
584.511
50268
145704
Biogas Electricity, CHP, MWe
10
74.46
6404
18561
50
372.3
32018
276811
21,241
22359
31862
33539
Solid Biomass 47 Kton
dry/year
Wind Energy
1.445
3.16
272
788.84
500
1095
94170
272957
Geothermal
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hydropower
13.5
101
8645
25057
13.5
100.521
8644.8
25057
Total
200
678.26
157524
5698
968159
5.28%
2.11%
18.5%
10.7%
Percentage of Renewable
Energy in the Total Energy
Conclusions
• The country has a good potential of RE resources,
especially the solar energy.
• The country has drafted policies and regulations to
promote technology deployment, (e.g. the renewable
energy and EE has a national priority),
• The country has ‘Enabling Environment’ to deploy the
technology like:
• The Existence of National Plans for R&D and Innovation,
• Adequate Human and Financial Resources,
• The Existence of RE & EE Labs.
Conclusions
Solar/Wind Atlas GIS Model For Data Manipulation and Maps
• Building Digital Solar/Wind Atlas for Jordan based on Satellite
and Land Measurements for DNI (Direct Normal Irradiance),
GHI (Global Horizontal Irradiance), and DHI (Diffused
Horizontal Irradiance).
• The development of new/more advanced models for
assessing wind resources for wind farm development, wind
turbine design, spatial planning, policy promotion, and other
uses.
II- WATER Pumping Using Photovoltaic
in Remote Areas
Dr. Christina Class, INCOSOL 2012
29
~100 PV
Installations in
Jordan
1985-2011
10 kWp/year
112.1 kWp Water Pumping
72.5 kWp Rural
Electrification
21.6 kWp Telecomm.
27.2 kWp Brackish Water
Desal.
236.4 kWp Total
Cost Items for a Diesel Pumping System
• Land
• Well digging
• Well casing
• Site preparation
• Guard room
• Site enclosure
• Diesel Engine
• Water pump
• Water storage tank
• Fuel storage tank
• Installation
• Piping
• Inspection
• Service
• Fuel
• Fuel transportation
31
Cost Items for a PV Pumping System
• Land
• Well digging
• Well casing
• Site preparation
• Guard room
• Site enclosure
• Water storage tank
• PV array
• PV array foundation
• PV array support structure
• Cabling
• PV array installation
• Inverter
• Piping
• Submersible electric pump
• Pump installation
• Inspection
• Service
32
Levelized Water Pumping Cost (LWC)
Specific Water Pumping Cost Comparison
0.0754
0.0700
0.0600
JD/m3
0.0500
0.0402
0.0400
0.0300
0.0200
0.0100
0.0000
PV
Diesel
33
III- A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR SMALL
SCALE BRACKISH WATER DESALINATION IN
REMOTE AREAS
Overview






Introduction
The System
System Sizing
Measurements
Economic Analysis
Conclusion
35
Introduction
PROJECT SITE
36
The System
37
Photovoltaic System Sizing
 example: water pumping




altitude difference: 40 m
3 m3/h during 6 working hours
recovery rate (RO): 60 %  30 m3/day  3.27 kWh/day
taking into account efficiency of the inverter, motor, pump
as well as charge and discharge loos rate  required daily
output
 taking into account the efficiency of the PV cells, the daily
input is 63.75 kWh/day
 to retrieve the size of the PV array, we assume a solar
radiation of 5.5 m2 / day
 using the PV array size and panel area, maximum power
delivered into load and a safety factor, we calculate the peak
power of the PV generator
38
Overall Results
Element
PV Array
Sizing Result
10.113 kWp
Battery Capacity
43.5 kWh
maximum PV charging current
208.33 A
maximum rated AC power output
10.4 kVA
39
Measurements
40
100
9000
90
8000
80
7000
70
6000
60
5000
50
4000
40
3000
30
2000
20
1000
10
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Temperature [C]
Average Daily Solar Radiation [W\m.m]
10000
0
Dec
Month
Temperature and Solar Radiation in 2011
41
100
9000
90
8000
80
7000
70
6000
60
5000
50
4000
40
3000
30
2000
20
1000
10
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Temperature [C]
Average Daily Solar Radiation [W\m.m]
10000
0
Month
Temperature and Solar Radiation in 2011
42
100
900
90
800
80
700
70
600
60
500
50
400
40
300
30
200
20
100
10
0
0
3
6
9
12
Time
15
18
21
Temperature [C]
Average Solar Radiation [W\m.m]
1000
0
Temperature and Solar Radiation on June 14th 2011
43
Efficiency Data
44
Economic Analysis
 PV System
 capital investment and
personnel costs
 battery exchange every 7
years
 inverter and charge
controller exchange after
7 and 10 years resp
 2.33 JD / m3
 Diesel system
 capital investment and
personnel costs
 generator replacement
after 5 years
 filter exchange after 200
working hours
 lubrication oil exchange
15 x per year
 overhaul costs
 Diesel incl transportation
 4.60 JD / m3
45
Summary
 successful installation of a PV system for RO
desalination of brackish water in the Jordan
valley
 has been running for 16 months
 data collection started and will enable
further research
 economically very feasible approach but
high initial investment costs
46
Thank you!
47