Date______
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Title: Turmoil and Change in Mexico
Warm-up:
MEXICO
Revolutionary Mexico Video
1.Who was Father Hidalgo?
***Leave space for Augustin Iturbide notes here***
2. How did independence from Spain affect the lives of poor Mexicans?
***Leave space for Santa Anna notes here***
3. What was the result of the Mexican-American War?
4. What did Benito Juarez accomplish?
5. How did Porfirio Diaz stay in power for so long?
6. Why did the 1910 Revolution occur?
7. What was the Plan of Ayala?
8. Why were Emilio Zapata and Pancho Villa opposed by the United States?
9. What was the Cristero War?
10. What did Lazaro Cardenas accomplish in 1938?
11. What is the North American Free Trade Agreement?
12. Who was elected president in Mexico’s 2000 presidential election?
1. Who was Father
Hidalgo?
•
A Mexican Roman Catholic priest
and revolutionary rebel leader of
mestizos & Native Americans.
•
He is regarded by most Mexican
people as the "Father of the
Country“.
•
The founder of the Mexican War
of Independence movement which
fought for independence from
Spain in the early 19th century.
•
Was executed & had his head on
display by the Spanish until 1821
·
Agustin Iturbide
• (1822 – 1823) Mexican
ruler
• Declares independence
from Spain after a change in
government there threatens
Creole power
• Iturbide is eventually
overthrown & Central
America declares
independence from Mexico
Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna
• (1821) Fought for Mexican
independence from Spain
• (1829) Fought Spain again when
they tried to recapture Mexico
• Served as Mexico’s President 4
times (1833 – 1835; 1839)
• (1836) Defeated Texans at The
Alamo, but could not prevent
Texas independence
• (1846-1848) Lost the Mexican
War with the United States &
forced to give up the Mexican
Cession
Colonel William B. Travis
Jim Bowie
Davy Crockett
(Commander of the Alamo) :
One of the first to fall, he died
defending the north wall at an
early hour on March 6. He was
26 years old.
(Co-commander of the
Answered Travis’s call for help in defending the Alamo
Alamo): Killed in his bed,
along with other volunteers. His body was found in
where he laid sick with
small fort in the west side. He was 50 years old.
pneumonia, in a small room in
the south side. He was 41
years old.
Bowie Knife
Texas Flag That Flew Over The Alamo
General Antonio López de
Santa Anna
12 inches (30cm) or more, with a broad blade that was an
inch and a half to two inches wide (4 to 5 cm) and made
of steel
2. How did independence from Spain affect the
lives of poor Mexicans?
• Industrial growth did not benefit most Mexicans.
• Economic inequality still existed.
• Large landowners controlled haciendas which
employed poor farmers.
• Foreigners became wealthy by owning Mexican
property.
3. What was the result of the MexicanAmerican War?
3. What was the result of the MexicanAmerican War?
4. What did Benito Juarez
accomplish?
•
(1867 – 1872) President
•
Wanted to improve conditions for
the poor in Mexico.
•
Led the movement called La
Reforma which aimed to:
•
Break the power of the large
landowners
•
Improve education to the poor
•
Napoleon III tried to conquer
Mexico for unpaid debts &
Juarez defeated the invasion
force.
5. How did Porfirio
Diaz stay in power
for so long?
•
(1876 – 1880) &
(1884 – 1911)
•
Brought order to Mexico
•
Ended raids by bandits
•
Brought some economic
growth (encouraged
foreign investments)
•
Limited political freedom
however
6. Why did the 1910 Mexican Revolution
occur? Causes:
•
31-year dictatorship of Diaz
•
No democracy; people could not vote
•
Economic inequality: wealth & land in the hands of the few
•
No freedom of speech
•
High taxes
•
High unemployment
Causes:
•
Diaz called for elections, but then imprisoned
his main rival Francisco Madero, who
believed in democracy
•
Madero escaped to the United States in 1910.
•
He declared that the elections had been a
fraud and that he would not recognize Diaz
as the legitimate President of the Republic.
•
Madero declared himself President until new
elections could be held.
•
Madero promised to return all land which
had been confiscated from the peasants, and
he called for universal voting rights and for a
limit of one term for the president.
The Mexican Revolution
• Madero's call for an
uprising on November 20th,
1910, marked the beginning
of the Mexican Revolution.
• Madero was able to
persuaded Francisco
“Pancho” Villa to join the
revolution.
• Villa proved to be an
excellent strategist, and he
earned the allegiance of the
people of the NORTH, who
were particularly unhappy
about the abusive ranchers
and landlords who ran the
North.
The Mexican Revolution
•Emiliano Zapata led the uprising of the peasants of the SOUTH to
claim their rights over local land and water.
• At the same time, armed revolt began in many other parts of the
country.
• Diaz’s army was defeated within six months & he resigned.
Madero
• (1911 – 1913)
President
• With the collapse of the
Diaz regime, the Mexican
Congress called for
national popular
elections, which resulted
in the victory of Madero
as President.
7. What was the Plan of
Ayala?
•
Zapata denounced President
Madero for his betrayal of the
revolutionary ideals.
•
Madero demanded Zapata's
army disarm as a precondition
for discussion of the land issue.
•
After Madero supported
plantation owners and failed to
settle the land issue to Zapata's
satisfaction, the peasant leader
mobilized his army again.
•
Zapata called for new elections &
redistribution of land
Huerta
• (1920) President
• Madero was soon
overthrown by General
Victoriano Huerta, who
granted amnesty to Díaz
and suppressed
resistance to land
reforms.
• Murdered Madero in
February of 1913.
8. Why were Emilio Zapata and Pancho Villa
opposed by the United States?
•
Zapata & Villa threatened American business interests in
Mexico.
Venustiano Carranza
• (1914 – 1920) President
• Carranza, Zapata & Villa
overthrew Huerta’s
government.
• Carranza then turned on
the revolutionaries &
murdered Zapata.
• The civil war ended with
over 1 million Mexicans
dead.
Zapata's dead body on
display on the day he
died.
Alvaro Obregon
• (1920 – 1924) President
• Carranza did not support the new
constitution.
• Obregon overthrew Carranza in 1920.
• Obregon supported the reforms of the
new constitution.
9. What was the Cristero War? (1926 – 1929)
• A counter-revolution against
the anti-Catholic Mexican
government of the time, caused
by the anti-clerical provisions of
the Mexican Constitution of
1917.
• Violence began on January 1,
1927 with the rebels calling
themselves Cristeros because they
felt they were fighting for Christ
Himself.
• Just as the Cristeros began to
hold their own against the federal
forces, the rebellion was ended
by diplomatic means, brokered
by the U.S.
10. What did Lazaro Cardenas accomplish in
1938?
• (1934 – 1940) President
• Land reform
• Labor rights (unions)
• Nationalized the oil industry
• Kicked out foreign oil companies
11. What is the North American Free Trade
Agreement? (1994)
• Trilateral trade bloc created by the United States, Canada &
Mexico.
• Eliminated tariffs & trade restrictions among the 3 nations.
NAFTA – North American Free Trade
Agreement
United States President Bill Clinton signing NAFTA into law, November 1993.
NAFTA – Positive Effects:
1) Created the world’s largest free trade area, linking 439 million
people and producing $15.3 trillion in goods and services
annually.
2) Eliminated tariffs and agreements on international rights for
business investors.
3) Increased trade & capital = business growth.
4) Elimination of tariffs also reduces inflation, by decreasing
costs of imports.
5) Trade between the 3 NAFTA nations tripled, from $297 billion
in 1993 to $903 billion in 2007.
6) U.S. goods exports to Canada and Mexico grew 157%, from
$142 billion to $364.6 billion.
7) Exports from Canada and Mexico to the U.S. grew 231%, from
$151 billion in to $501 billion.
NAFTA – Negative Effects:
1) Since the cost of labor is cheaper in Mexico, many industries
moved part of their production from high-cost U.S. states.
2) Between 1994 and 2002, the U.S. lost 1.7 million jobs but gained
794,00 jobs, for a net loss of 879,000 jobs of which 78% were in
manufacturing.
3) States hit particularly hard include CA, NY, MI, & TX. These
states have high concentrations of industries (such as motor
vehicles, textiles, computers, and electrical appliances) which
moved a large number of plants to Mexico.
4) Lower U.S. wages > Companies threaten to move south if unions
demand higher wages
5) Mexican farmers are being put out of business > U.S.
agribusiness
6) Mexican workers are exploited > Mexico’s weak labor laws
7) Mexico's environment has suffered > Mexico’s weak
environmental laws