How to float:
1) Pour some water on the ground
2) step away from the water
3) take a photo

The final revision

Changing Urban
Environments
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas in a country. (e.g. up from 45% living in cities to 56%)
Describe the geographical patterns this graph shows
(3 marks)

Changing Urban
Environments
So why are people moving to the cities? (and what is a better word for this than moving?)
Tip to help you answer this question…….
‘push’ and ‘pull’

Changing Urban
Environments
So why are people moving to the cities? (and what is a better word for this than moving?)
1/ This drawing gives some reason… did you think of any no on this?
2/ Explain some of these reasons by adding the phrase “this means that ….” to it

Changing Urban
Environments
So why are people moving to the cities? (and what is a better word for this than moving?)

Changing Urban
Environments
Rural urban migration and other factors cause cities to develop distinct areas
Bbc bitesize on the topic
Central business district is the main shopping and service area in a city. This is normally found in the middle of the city, which means the accessibility is the best. Vertical zonation is common because of sky-high land prices. Land use is mainly commercial/retail, not residential.
Inner city areas consist of terraced housing, which dates back to the Victorian era. The inner city has derelict buildings, high crime rates and a bad environment to live in. Some old warehouses/industry can also be found here.
The suburbs contain much larger housing, mainly detached, because of the land prices being cheaper
(bid-rent theory). Houses tend to have gardens.
Houses are fairly recent. Middle class people tend to live in the suburbs.

Changing Urban
Environments
Different Urban areas – we have looked at CBD, suburbs and inner cities. There is also the rural urban fringe….
This is the rural urban fringe…… it is almost exactly like where we are right now in
Laverstock…… you may be able to talk about them if there is a question on green field and brown field sites

Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
Here is the BBC bitesize definition of these terms

Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
So why build houses in the rural urban fringe?
Why is housing built at the RUF?
Land is cheap
Peace and quiet
More housing is needed as more people are living alone and living longer.
Less crime
Good access to countryside
Easy access to motorways

Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
So why build houses in the rural urban fringe?
What are the negative impacts caused by developing the RUF?
• Large areas of countryside may be lost
• Buildings may be out of character with existing rural buildings
• Villages become suburbanised
• Traffic is likely to increase ( both cars and lorries)
• There may be some noise or pollution
• NIMBY

Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
So why revitalise/regenerate CBDs?
CBDs in some MEDCs have become run down due to out of town shopping centres and business parks….
What advantages do these places have over CBDs?

Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
So why revitalise/regenerate CBDs?
CBDs in some MEDCs have become run down due to out of town shopping centres and business parks…. What advantages do these places have over CBDs?
1. Cheaper land and rent
2. Easier access (esp.by car)
3. Undercover shopping
4. Better parking
5. More modern

Changing Urban
Environments
Brown field and green field sites
So what have some CBDs done?
1. Pedestrianisation
2. Improve access and parking (including public transport)
3. Converting derelict land into modern shops and facilities
4. Improving public areas
5. Reducing rents and enticing businesses in with other financial benefits
Which of these has Salisbury done and have there been any other schemes in town?
Also I haven’t mentioned conserving the historical buildings yet.

Changing Urban
Environments
Improving GCSE geography answers
1/ When describing changes, always include the knock on effects of these changes (called
‘secondary’ effects in the exam sometimes).
One good phrase to use is “This means that…. “
2/ Don’t separate economic, environmental and social too much in your mind they can interlink

Study Figure 3, on the insert, which shows part of the Central Business
District in Dudley, a town in the West
Midlands.
Explain why the Central Business
Districts of some towns need to be improved. Use Figure 3 and your own knowledge. (4 MARKS)
2 (b) (ii) The following is a list of some solutions that local councils have used to improve CBDs.
• Giving money to build indoor shopping centres
• Encouraging people to live in flats above the shops
• Introducing security cameras
Choose two of the solutions listed or others that you have studied Explain how your chosen solutions might improve a city’s CBD. (4MARKS)
Changing Urban
Environments

Changing Urban
Environments
There should be some evidence of the use of Figure 3 by reference to closed/boarded up shops. Question can be answered by consideration of the problems/disadvantages of city centres and/or the advantages of out-of-town shopping centres/business parks with office development. Issues associated with CBDs are crime and vandalism, congestion, high business rates and costs. The advantages of developments in the rural-urban fringe are greater space, cheaper land, greater accessibility. Traffic congestion and more pollution and the vicious cycle of decline.
(4 marks)
Mark scheme
Level 1 (Basic) (1-2 marks)
Simple statements largely listing the problems facing CBDs with little or no explanation.
Crime and vandalism. Shops closing down. High business rents and costs.
Traffic congestion. Empty at night.
Level 2 (Clear) (3-4 marks)
Linked statements showing explanation of the problems facing CBDs. Must show evidence of the use of
Figure 3 and own knowledge.
As very few people live in the CBDs they often become empty at night and can be dangerous to go into because of the crime and vandalism. Many shops are closing down because of growth of out-of-town shopping parks. There may be a great deal of traffic congestion due to the accessibility of the CBDs leading to air pollution.

Changing Urban
Environments
2x2 or 1x3+1 Reserve 1 mark under each heading for an indication of how the suggested solution will improve the CBD.
Giving money to build indoor shopping centres – allow people to shop in the warm and dry whatever the weather. They often have parking spaces provided making them accessible and so encouraging more people to shop in the city centre.
Mark scheme
Encouraging people to live in flats above the shops – if people live above the shops there will be more people in the city centre at night and so the shops and other land-uses like entertainment are likely to gain more custom.
Introducing security cameras – may reduce crime or at least make people less frightened and so they are more likely to use the city centre especially at night.

Found via uberhumor.com
well worth a facebook like and/or a twitter follow

Changing Urban
Environments
Issues in MEDC cities
1. Shortage of housing – (covered in RUF above and later with LDDC)
2. Run down CBD’s – (covered above in exam question and in Salisbury CBD example
3. Traffic issues – we went to Bath; yet to cover today
4. Ethnic Segregation – yet to cover today

Changing Urban
Environments
Issues in MEDC cities – traffic issues.
More air pollution leading to health issues
Improve public transport WHICH MEANS THAT
….
More air pollution leading to damaged buildings
Increase parking costs WHICH MEANS THAT ….
More road accidents
Bus priority lanes and cycling lanes WHICH
MEANS THAT ….
More traffic jams/congestion leading to delays for all
Pedestrianisation WHICH MEANS THAT …..

Changing Urban
Environments
Issues in MEDC cities – ethnic segregation.
Why do different ethnic groups live in the same area?
People like to live amongst others who share the same language, religion and/or culture
People like to live near facilities and services for their culture, e.g. places of worship, shops
Some ethnic groups may be less wealthy on average (esp. recent migrants) so they live together in cheaper housing areas
Solutions
Improve access to useful information by printing it different languages WHICH MEANS
THAT ….
Improving communication between different groups by involving community leaders in meetings WHICH MEANS THAT ….
Provide interpreters at hospitals, doctors and police stations WHICH MEANS THAT ….
Provide suitable services for different cultures
(e.g. same sex doctors) WHICH MEANS THAT
…..

Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDIES
1. Impact of government policies in MEDC - We looked at the London docklands
2. Squatter settlement – favela in Brazil
3. Example of sustainable urban community – we looked at BedZed

Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – London
Docklands
What it covers……
• What a government has done to
• improve inner cities
• Housing issues in part of a MEDC city
• Also you can refer to it in some questions on sustainability in urban areas

Why did the London Docks go into decline?
1. An increase in ship size meant they found it difficult to come down the river as far as the Isle of Dogs where the river wasn't as deep. (the position of the docks moved further downstream to Tilbury);
2. Containerisation meant few dockers were needed with large cranes used to lift containers from ships;
3. The decline of portside industries and manufacturing
-Unemployment had fallen & business increased
- transport revolution - opening of the Docklands Light
Railway in 1987 - now carrying 35,000 passengers a week;
- £7.7 billion in private sector investment
-Building of the City Airport
-- attraction of financial and high-tech firms,
-£10 million spent homes
- a total of 22,000 new homes built
-of old warehouses to new homes
- New shopping centre built
- refurbishment of shopping parades
- - many restaurants, pubs and cafes built
- Docklands Sailing and Watersports Centre
- £100 million spent on health, education, job training etc
In 1981 the London's Docklands
Development Corporation (LDDC) was set up to improve the economic, social and environmental problems that had developed in the area that was once one of the world's busiest ports.. The area became on the first Enterprise
Zones in 1981. The land was made rate free for ten years.
Environmental Regeneration
- network of pedestrian and cycle routes
- creation of pedestrian bridges
- creation of new open spaces (150ha)
- Water based Ecology Park and London's first bird sanctuary at
East India Dock Basin - one of 17 conservation areas set up
- planting of 200,000 trees;
- the area has now received many awards for architecture, conservation and landscaping
- TV studios and newspapers such as The Guardian now have offices in the prestigious Canary Wharf business complex.
Success
-Increase in trade
-Large TNCs came
-Better transport
-Sustainable building
(Brownfield sites)
-Conservation
Criticisms
-Didn ’ t benefit the original residents, couldn ’ t afford new houses
-No community
-High skilled jobs not for old dockers

Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – BedZed
An example of a sustainable urban community
• Environmental: the importance of conserving historical and natural features, using brownfield sites, providing open spaces, reducing and disposing of waste.
• Social: including local people in decision making, providing an efficient public transport system

Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – BedZed
This was the re-sit class and homework you found the easiest all year. So I have gathered together some of your answers (all 8/8) and we can use them as a revision guide)

Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – Squatter
Settlement
The most important case study in the Urban topic as it covers so many different points and is therefore most likely to appear in the exam
• The characteristics of a squatter settlement; growth, appearance, housing, social issues, economy, environment
• Self help site and service and local authority plans to improve squatter settlements
• The effects and management of air and water pollution in
LEDC cities (not strictly part of the case study, but it can give some examples of these)

Changing Urban
Environments
CASE STUDY – Squatter
Settlement
The revision guide does this very well so lets have a look at that (pages 89-91)