Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) &
Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) Meet Project
Management
Sterling S. Rooke, Ph.D. Candidate
Introduction
• What is a Wireless Sensor Network
– Various Topologies; Including Redundant Exchange
Wireless Links
• Wireless Sensors and SCADA controls
– The internet of things
• Application to Project Management
– PM domains of application
– Facilities Management
• ERP Systems
– Case Study: Hydro Fracking
What is a Wireless Sensor Network?
What is a WSN?
• Wireless technology is common place
– Various forms and protocols
• Most common is IEEE 802.11 (WiFi)
• Zigbee 802.15.4
• Bluetooth 802.15.1
Zigbee
• Low power mesh networking
• IEEE 802.15.4 Standard, based on Motorola’s
proposal
• “Low power”, “Networked”, “Open standard”
• Personal Operating Space (POS) of 10m radius, or
greater range; Often called a Personal Area
Network (PAN)
• Mesh self-healing network
an.kaist.ac.kr/courses/2005/cs492/.../pptO9wPB7V7CA.ppt
Bluetooth
•
•
•
•
•
Alternatives to cables
IEEE 802.15.1 standard (2002)
“Short range” and “Mobile products”
POS of 10m radius, with mobility
Ad-hoc connections between devices
Zigbee vs. Bluetooth
IEEE 802.11p
• By leveraging IEEE 802.11p, my research has
proposed a concept called Redundant
Exchange Wireless Links for data exchange
between mobile facility assets
If we have time, I have a detailed discussion
HERE
Comparison of Wireless Standards
http://www.stg.com/wireless/ZigBee_comp.html
ZigBee
802.11
(Wi-Fi)
Bluetooth
UWB (Ultra Wide
Band)
Wireless USB
IR Wireless
20, 40, and 250
Kbits/s
11 & 54 Mbits/sec
1 Mbits/s
100-500 Mbits/s
62.5 Kbits/s
20-40 Kbits/s
115 Kbits/s
4 & 16 Mbits/s
10-100 meters
50-100 meters
10 meters
<10 meters
10 meters
<10 meters (line of
sight)
Networking Topology
Ad-hoc, peer to peer,
star, or mesh
Point to hub
Ad-hoc, very small
networks
Point to point
Point to point
Point to point
Operating Frequency
868 MHz (Europe)
900-928 MHz (NA),
2.4 GHz (worldwide)
2.4 and 5 GHz
2.4 GHz
3.1-10.6 GHz
2.4 GHz
800-900 nm
Complexity (Device and
application impact)
Low
High
High
Medium
Low
Low
Power Consumption
(Battery option and life)
Very low (low power
is a design goal)
High
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Streaming video,
home entertainment
applications
PC peripheral
connections
Remote controls, PC,
PDA, phone, laptop
links
Data Rate
Range
Security
Other Information
Typical Applications
128 AES plus
application layer
security
64 and 128 bit
encyption
Devices can join an
existing network in
under 30ms
Device connection
requires 3-5 seconds
Device connection
requires up to 10
seconds
Industrial control
and monitoring,
sensor networks,
building automation,
home control and
automation, toys,
games
Wireless LAN
connectivity,
broadband Internet
access
Wireless connectivity
between devices
such as phones,
PDA, laptops,
headsets
Network Topologies
Collaborative Wireless Sensors
Hydro-fracking
Operations
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Basic WSN System
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The Sensors
• temperature, pressure, occupancy
• Really anything that can be measured that is
of value to the project
• The faster this information is injected into
systems such as ERP, the quicker project
adjustments can be made
– (This is where wireless helps)
Wireless Sensors and SCADA controls
What is SCADA?
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
• SCADA usually refers to centralized systems
which monitor and control entire sites, or
complexes of systems spread out over large
areas ( anything from an industrial plant to a
nation).
SCADA Example
Point
Is binary
Wireless SCADA and
the Internet of Things
• The future is total device connectivity in our
everyday lives
• However, this will start where financial return
is maximized
• Project management and control are critical
areas that will gain productivity through the
deployment of WSN and SCADA technology
Wireless SCADA and
the internet of things
• This give us the ability to control and monitor
almost anything in a project environment
• This gives us a dynamic tactical view of a
project thus facilitating rapid strategic
decisions
• There is a direct impact on PM…
Application to Project Management
ERP Systems
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate
internal and external management information across an
entire organization—embracing finance/accounting,
manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship
management, etc. ERP systems automate this activity with
an integrated software application. The purpose of ERP is to
facilitate the flow of information between all business
functions inside the boundaries of the organization and
manage the connections to outside stakeholders *
• ERP systems can run on a variety of computer hardware
and network configurations, typically employing a database
as a repository for information **
* Bidgoli, Hossein, (2004). The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 1, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 707.
** Khosrow–Puor, Mehdi. (2006). Emerging Trends and Challenges in Information Technology Management. Idea Group, Inc. p.
865.
Building Control and Energy
Management Systems
• Facility planners and owners can benefit greatly from fully
integrated buildings and facilities. Specifically, systems integration
results in a financial benefit through energy savings and efficient
maintenance through instant information and intelligent planned
maintenance. Most EMS and Intelligent building providers have
expressed this as an operational incentive for their corporate
engagement as a provider of ESPCs (Energy Service Performance
Contract). In fact, the value of precise control and intelligence
across a wide array of facilities is a portion of the cost multiplier
effect that makes ESPCs so profitable for the vendor and by
reducing system cost and ultimately saving the client form
escalating energy cost while locking in a know profit for the
provider. This author contends that the cyber risk should be
included in ROI calculations on a facility by facility basis.
– S. Rooke 2009
WSNs & SCADA Meet PM
ERP System
W
S
N
SCADA
Facility
PM Domains of
Application for WSNs and SCADA
Adapted from PMBOK
•
•
•
•
•
Planning
Execution
Monitoring and Controlling
Closing the Project
Professional and Social Responsibility
Planning
• Pre-construction or pre-development sensor
measurements play directly into the planning
process.
– Lower cost and risk
– Some project decisions are very costly or
impossible to change
– Aid in site selection, cost realism calculations,
timeline refinement
Execution & Monitoring
and Controlling
• During project execution having real time
information can greatly enhance project
success
• WSNs are a tool to gain this information
• Wireless SCADA systems can make automated
changes during project execution
– Commands can instantly be sent out
Closing the Project
• Business systems including ERP are constantly
enriched with historical data during project
execution
• Closeout will benefit greatly from a secure and
verifiable feed of project information
– This information can be formed to follow legal
standards for integrity should a legal action be
required following project closeout
Professional and Social Responsibility
• Depending on the project, WSNs and possibly
SCADA systems can remain behind after
project closeout
– Environmental monitoring and compliance
– Long term lessons learned
Application examples
(case studies)
Facilities Management
&
Hydro fracking
Focus
Large Scale Multiple Entry Point Facilities
High-Security Facilities
 Who should be in the facility and where?
 Should they be reassigned to enhance logistics?
Solutions
 Biometric access controls and tracking


General site access and specific access to systems and locations
Tracking of human capital
 Situational awareness of visitors and workers

Directly interface with Project Status Technologies
 Where are my human assets?


Who should have local access?
Live allocation of human resources!
 Automated reallocation
 Leverage asset tracking technologies
Project Management Aspect
 Enhanced security

Lowers overall cost; efficient & reliable access
 Situational awareness of human assets

Efficient autonomous reallocation of team
members
 Lowers overall cost and keeps you ontime and on-budget
The Balance
 Total System “Cost”

Top-line cost
Bottom-line cost

Contribution analysis


Added value to operations?
 Enhanced security
 Efficient human resource reallocation
Detraction analysis



Added inconvenience?
Maintenance and training costs
Is the system more trouble then it is worth?
Collaboration
 Interface with site security and human
logistician experts

From project concept through site operation
What is Hydrofracking?
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What is Hydrofracking?
35
What is Hydrofracking?
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Gas intrusions? Contamination?
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WSNs and SCADA with a Project
Management Prospective
• Reduce environmental risk with real-time telemetry
• Reduce insurance costs (for operations)
• Continuously prove and log field environmentals for a
historical and ongoing prospective
• Answer the “They contaminated my water!” concern
once and for all
• If the EPA works with the API (American Petroleum Institute)
to strengthen Hydro-fracking guidelines and
regulations in the future, continuous and historical
sensor data will be invaluable to operations.
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Redundant Exchange Wireless
Links could be part of the solution
IEEE 802.11p is a draft amendment to the IEEE 802.11
standard to add wireless access in vehicular environments
(WAVE).
Data exchange between high-speed vehicles and between
the vehicles and the roadside infrastructure in the
licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz).
The ultimate vision is a nationwide network that enables
communications between vehicles and roadside access
points or other vehicles.
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Emissions Trading – Transportation
Redundant Exchange Wireless Links
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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Emissions Trading – Transportation
Redundant Exchange Wireless Links
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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Comparison to Alternative Methods
Least Issues
Technology
Most Issues
Cost
Redundant
Exchange Wireless
Links
SATCOM
User
Reliability
Dependence
TBD
3G Wireless
3G w/Blackberry
Trade
Time
Dual
Use
Device
Rural
Underground
Operation Operation
TBD
Vehicle
Integrated
Spotty
Coverage
User must
carry device
Spotty
Coverage
Weather
can be a
factor
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
With
Footprint
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Redundant Exchange Wireless Links
Transportation
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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Redundant Exchange Wireless Links
Construction / Job Site
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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Redundant Exchange Wireless Links
Construction,
Industrial,
Mining
Long Haul
Transportation
Short Haul
Transpiration
Farming
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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MODSIM
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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Modeling and Simulation
• Utilize MATLAB
• Introduce a notion of traffic, delivery density
and starting point
• Consider wireless link budget and
performance
• Actually simulate the passing of “Sandbox”
data
• Consider distribution and location of
Government supported wireless internet
access points.
• SCALABILITY?
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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Data Needed for Model
• Wireless Link Budget
• Packet vs. Payload metrics
• Burden of encryption and security on
throughput
• Amount of Hydrocarbons used by various
vehicles
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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Modeling and Simulation
Internet-linked Wireless APs
Visit Density
Traffic Density
Y
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
X
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Analysis of Outputs
Increasing
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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What will the model tell us?
• Average emission time-to-register with emissions
trading authority
• Relationship between participating vehicles, land
area and DOT-EPA approved “internet access
points”
• How do “slow traffic” areas affect this?
• What about urban areas with more delivery
points or heavy traffic?
• Are Redundant Exchange Wireless Links feasible?
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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Introduction of RF into the Model
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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How much data can we Tx/Rx?
Two trucks closing at highway speeds
• 65MPH is about 29 Meters/sec
• I will assume a maximum range of 1Km at highway
speeds per ASTM E2213-03 (IEEE 802.11p) at
5.9GHz
• If we assume a broadside omni directional
antenna and equal Tx and Rx gain than the data
exchange time will simply be 34 seconds
(1000 meters) / (29 meters/sec) = 34 seconds
• My industry and protocol survey will reveal other
factors such as: discovery/hand-shake time,
security and packet overhead
• 34 seconds is a lot of time!
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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RF Assumptions
• I will not include the effects of multi-path
• I will include a notional affect of urban
attenuation and loss.
• I hope to include atmospheric attenuation in
my model
• Select a reasonable data Tx / Rx rate based on
a COTS survey
• Assume Separate Tx and Rx channels
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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Consideration of Link Budget
• We must make some link budget assumptions
– RF Power coupled to antenna
– Antenna type
• Actual Tx RF power (consideration of gain)
• Rx antenna gain
– Beam shape
– Acceptable BER for a selected protocol
© 2009 Sterling S. Rooke
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