Avoiding Plagiarism and Citing
Sources of Information
Nov 2013
Objectives of the Workshop
By the end of the workshop, you will be able to:
•Define what plagiarism is and identify ways to
prevent plagiarism
•Recognize how to document sources properly in
APA format
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What is Plagiarism?
• Plagiarism is “the action or practice of taking someone else's work, idea, etc.,
and passing it off as one's own; literary theft.”
– Oxford English Dictionary
• Plagiarism is not only mere copying of text; it also refers to using another's
ideas as one's own, regardless of the specific words or constructs used to
express that idea
• You will commit plagiarism if fail to include quotations or acknowledge the
sources in your paper
• Articles increasingly available as electronic text in Internet, has made the
physical act of copying the work of others much easier, imply increasing risk
of plagiarism
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Examples of Plagiarism
Word-to-word Copy
•
Original
•
Your Text:
Plagiarized!
The concept of identity construction is crucial in second language learning.
English learning at the tertiary level is both a process of acquiring language skills,
and a process of understanding who the learners are and how they are related to
the learning community, the national sociocultural context and the imagined
global community.
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Examples of Plagiarism
Using other’s words and ideas without acknowledgment
•
Original
• Your Text:
Plagiarized!
The concept of identity construction is crucial in second language
learning. Post-secondary level English learning not only represents a
process of acquiring language skills, but also helps the learners to
understand own identities and their relationship with the learning
community.
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More about Plagiarism
• Is it plagiarism if I just copy a few words from other’s work?
Yes. The quantity of words being copied is not the main concern. The
important point is that you have copied other’s work and made no
acknowledgement.
• Is it an act of plagiarism if I copy from an unpublished work?
Yes. It doesn't matter whether the work which is copied has been published
or not. The key point is that it was copied from someone else without
making acknowledgement.
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More about Plagiarism
• What is the result if you found commit plagiarism?
In academic community, plagiarism is considered unethical and dishonest.
For more details about HKIEd, please refer to “Chapter 8 Academic
Honesty and Copyright” of Student Handbook 2013/14:
“Any alleged cases of academic misconduct will be handled by the
Head of the academic department concerned who shall then establish
an investigation committee to conduct a thorough investigation if a
a prima facie case for plagiarism exists … ”
http://www.ied.edu.hk/reg/student_handbook/text_en8.html
• Is plagiarism the same as copyright infringement?
They are closely related but not exactly the same. Plagiarism is an act of
academic dishonesty while copyright infringement is legal offence.
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Resources
Avoiding Plagiarism
• Academic Integrity, Princeton University
http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/pages/plagiarism/
• Online Tutorial of HKIEd Library
http://www.lib.ied.edu.hk/is/tutorial/Module_Citing_Info/2_1_content.htm
• Purdue Online Writing Lab
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/01/
Intellectual Property & Copyright
• Intellectual Property in Hong Kong
http://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/intellectual_property/ip_hk.htm
• Copyright in Hong Kong http://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/pub_press/publications/hk.htm
• Copyright and Education in Hong Kong
http://www.ipd.gov.hk/eng/intellectual_property/copyright/copy_edu.htm
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How to Avoid Plagiarism?
•
Use Quotations to show clearly the extent of other’s work
1. Direct quotation
When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital resources, Straw warned
that:
Preservation and security concerns will also arise in putting together digital partnerships.
Proper professional handling of archival, original, fragile, unique, and sometimes rare
items during the digitization process should be taken seriously. (Straw, 2009, p.109)
2. Quoting short part of sentence
When discussing potential problems in building collaborative digital resources, Straw pointed
out the critical issues of “preservation and security concerns”. Safe handling of materials during
digitization must be assured among digital partners. (Straw, 2009)
•
Paraphrasing (re-writing in your own words)
•
Cite & list your sources
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Citing References
• Allows you to use other people’s work by giving credit to the original
author without plagiarizing
• Provides documentation for all facts and figures that are not common
knowledge
• Strengthens your work by lending outside support to your arguments
• Provides the source information for others who wants to find out more
about your ideas
• Accurately prepared references help establish your credibility as a
careful researcher
• Out of order/incomplete citations cause inaccurate citation network
indexing
10
What’s the difference between
reference list and bibliography?
A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text of a paper,
listed alphabetically by author’s surname.
A bibliography may include resources that were consulted but
not cited in the text as well as an annotated description of each
one.
Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by subject,
rather than alphabetically.
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Citation Styles
APA Style
Walser, R. D., & Westrup, D. (2009). The mindful couple: How acceptance and
mindfulness can lead you to the love you want. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger
Publications.
Chicago Style
Walser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. 2009. The mindful couple: How
acceptance and mindfulness can lead you to the love you want. Oakland, CA:
New Harbinger Publications.
MLA Style
Walser, Robyn D., and Darrah Westrup. The Mindful Couple: How Acceptance
and Mindfulness Can Lead You to the Love You Want. Oakland, CA: New
Harbinger Publications, 2009. Print.
Harvard Style
Walser, RD & Westrup, D 2009, The mindful couple: how acceptance and
mindfulness can lead you to the love you want, Oakland, CA, New Harbinger
Publications.
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Citation Styles: Characteristics
Citations Styles
In-text citation
Rules
Scholarly Disciplines
APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/
Author-date
style
Psychology, education and
other social sciences
MLA Style
http://www.mla.org/style
Author-page
style
Literature, arts and
humanities
Oxford Style
http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/Oxford
Documentarynote style
Philosophy and history
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Citation System of HKIEd
• For more details of the requirement of citation system of HKIEd, please
refer to chapter 14 of the Student Handbook:
http://www.ied.edu.hk/reg/student_handbook/main.html
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APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org
• Developed by the American Psychological Association
• Widely used in Psychology & Social Sciences journals
• Latest edition (6th ed.) released in July 2009
• Manuscripts submitted to APA journals must conform to the 6th
edition
• Students and staff of HKIEd are required to use APA style for their
reference list or bibliography, unless otherwise stated
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Library Resources of APA Style (6th ed.)
Publication manual
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of
the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC:
Author.
Other references:
American Psychological Association. (2010). Concise rules of APA
style. (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Mastering APA style:
Instructor’s resource guide (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Mastering APA style:
Student’s workbook and training guide (6th ed.). Washington, DC:
Author.
American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style guide to
electronic references (6th ed.). Retrieved from
http://library.ied.edu.hk/record=b1900273~S5
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Online Resources of APA Style (6th ed.)
APA Style Home Page http://www.apastyle.org/
• Online Tutorials
• Supplemental Materials
• Sample Papers
Update on APA Style
• APA Style Blog http://blog.apastyle.org/
• Facebook http://www.facebook.com/APAStyle
• Twitter http://twitter.com/APA_Style
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APA Style: Citing References in Text
• References are cited in text with author-date system and listed
Example
alphabetically in the reference list
• Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text
• Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list with
the exception of the follow two kinds of works:
1. Classical works: Bible, Qu’ran, Dao De Jing, etc.
e.g. (2 Cor. 5:17 New International Version)
(Qur’an 5:3-4)
2. Personal communications (non-recoverable data)
e.g. B. H. Philips (personal communication, May 11, 2001)
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Citing Works by One Author
Two common formats to reference citations in text:
• Citation is integrated into the text:
“If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative…cite
only the year of publication in parentheses” (APA, 2010, p.174).
Salvia (2007) considered inclusive education as…
• Citation is placed in parentheses:
If the author’s name is not included in the narrative, cite “both the
name and the year separated by a comma, in parentheses” (APA,
2010, p.174).
In a recent study of inclusive education (Salvia, 2007)…
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Citing Works by Multiple Authors
• 2 Authors
Cite both authors every time
Smith and Johnson (1998) found that the system …
The findings confirmed with previous study (Smith & Johnson, 1998)
• 3-5 Authors
First citation:
Cheung, Li, Searle, Chan, and Frazer (1996) reviewed the theory of …
Subsequent citations:
Cheung et al. (1996) further developed a measuring system …
• 6 or more Authors
Use et al. (not italicized) for the first and subsequent citations
Kohn et al. (2007) suggested the possible causes …
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Writing Style
 DO NOT use periods with web addresses in text or in the reference list
 In text: include URL in parentheses, avoid ending a sentence with a URL
Example:
The APA (http://www.apa.org) has updated the rules of publication style in July
2009, with expanded discussions on ethics …
Horton, M. (2009, September 9). H1N1 prevention tips by Dr. Mark Horton [Video
file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UT2BGE_XyIY
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Page Numbers
• When paraphrasing, APA style does not require page numbers in
the in-text citation.
• According to Section 6.03 of Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 6th edition, for direct quotation of
sources, you have to provide the author, year, and specific page
citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material
respectively in the text.
• Example
This idea was recently explored by Palladino and Wade (2010).
They noted that "a flexible mind is a healthy mind" (Palladino &
Wade, 2010, p. 147).
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/03/how-to-cite-directquotations.html
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Direct Quotation
• Quotations fewer than 40 words - quotation is integrated into the
text with double quotation marks.
• Quotations more than 40 words 1. Display it in a freestanding block of text and omit the quotation
marks
2. At the end of a block quotation, cite the quoted source and the
page or paragraph number in parentheses after the final
punctuation mark
3. Indent the block about a half inch from the left margin (in the
same position as a new paragraph)
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/06/block-quotations-inapa-style.html
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Footnotes
• When using APA style, you need not use footnotes at the bottom
of the page or at the end of your paper for reference citation.
• According to Section 2.12 of Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 6th edition, use of footnotes serve two
functions:
1. To provide additional content;
2. To acknowledge copyright permission status.
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Reference List
•
•
•
Arrange by authors in Alphanumerical Order
Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list (except for classical
works and personal communications)
Each entry in the reference list must be cited in text
Entire Book
Damrosch, D. (2003). What is world literature? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press.
Edited Book
Ercikan, K., & Roth, W.-M. (Eds.). (2009). Generalizing from educational research:
Beyond qualitative and quantitative polarization. New York, NY: Routledge.
Book Chapter
Tian, C. (2009). Development of dialectical materialism in China. In B. Mou (Ed.),
History of Chinese philosophy (pp.512-538). London, England: Routledge.
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Publication Place
•
Include the state abbreviation (e.g., New York, NY) for all cities of United States
•
Include the Country for all locations outside United States
Coles-Ritchie , M. (2009). Inciting change in secondary English language programs:
The case of Cherry High School . New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Haughey , J. C. (2009). Where is knowing going?: The horizons of the knowing subject.
Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Hardman, A. E., & Stensel, D. J. (2009). Physical activity and health: The evidence
explained . (2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge.
Aw, T. (2009). Map of the invisible world. Toronto, Canada: McClelland & Stewart.
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Journal Articles
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of
journal, vol (issue), pp-pp.
• Retain the hyphen if the author’s first name is hyphenated
Hue, M.-T. (2009). Promotion of spiritual development: Exploration of the
self and spiritualism through the practice of Chinese calligraphy. Pastoral
Care in Education, 27, 63-76.
• Include the issue no. if the journal is paginated by issue
Bill, M., & Emmy, M. (2008). Writing tutors in the economics classroom: A
case study. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 38(3), 21-36.
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Publications by Multiple Authors
•
Up to 7 Authors: List all authors
Tiihonen, J., Lönnqvist, J., Wahlbeck, K., Klaukka, T., Niskanen, L.,
Tanskanen, A., & Haukka, J. (2009). 11-year follow-up of mortality
in patients with schizophrenia: A population-based cohort study
(FIN11 study). Lancet, 374, 620-627.
•
More than 7 Authors
1. List the first six authors
2. Omit all subsequent authors except the last & replaced with …
3. List the last author
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An article with 21 authors
List the first 6 and the last author
Seedat, S., Scott, K. M., Angermeyer, M. C., Berglund, P., Bromet, E. J., Brugha, T.
S., . . . Kessler, R. C. (2009). Cross-National Associations between gender and
mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health
Surveys. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 785-795.
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Non-English Publications
• Give original title, and translate title into English with brackets
Sack, F. (2006). Das offene Haus: für eine neue Architektur [Open house:
towards a new]. Berlin, Germany: Jovis.
Ye, Q., Li, B., & Cheng, J. (2006). 20世纪西方人生哲学 [The western
philosophy of life of 20th century]. Beijing, China: Remin Chubanshe.
or
Ye, Q., Li, B., & Cheng, J. (2006). 20 shiji xifang rensheng zhexue [The
western philosophy of life of 20th century]. Beijing, China: Remin
Chubanshe.
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References of Electronic Resources
• Use Digital Object Identifiers (DOI), when available, to replace as
persistent and reliable links to locate sources (for both print &
electronic sources)
• If DOI unavailable, use home page URL of the journal
• If the item cannot be easily retrieved from the source, use the full
document URL (e.g. blog)
• Retrieval dates no longer required unless the source material may
change over time (e.g. Wikis)
• Database information not required unless the item is only available in
the database
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Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
• Unique identification of electronic publication
• An alphanumeric string assigned by registration agency
• Persistent link to its location on the Internet
• Format: 10.xxxx/xxxx (e.g. 10.1080/02607470903220398)
• Links to the document by DOI resolver provided by the registration
agency, e.g. CrossRef.org
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DOI
33
DOI Resolver
Locate the electronic publication with DOI resolver
1.
Crossref.org
http://www.crossref.org
2.
Append the doi string to http://dx.doi.org/
e.g. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02607470903220497
3.
中文DOI
http://www.chinadoi.cn/
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Try it out
Find the article with DOI: 10.1007/s11516-010-0007-0
Steps
1. Go to the Crossref web site http://www.crossref.org
2.
Enter the DOI in the DOI Resolver Search Box
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Electronic Journal Articles
•
Journal article with DOI
Bore, A., & Wright, N. (2009). The wicked and complex in education: Developing a
transdisciplinary perspective for policy formulation, implementation and
professional practice. Journal of Education for Teaching, 35, 241-256.
doi:10.1080/02607470903091286
•
Journal article without DOI
Dresser, R. (2007). The effects of teacher inquiry in the bilingual language arts
classroom. Teacher Education Quarterly, 34(3), 53-66. Retrieved from
http://www.teqjournal.org/
•
Advance online publication with DOI
Guerra, S. (2009). Colonizing bodies: Corporate power and biotechnology in young
adult science fiction. Journal Children’s Literature in Education . Advance online
publication. doi:10.1007/s10583-009-9086-z
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http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/a-doi-and-url-flowchart.html
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What to Use - The Full Document URL or Home Page URL?
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/what-to-usethe-full-document-urlor-home-page-url.html
Homepage URL:
•Subscription wall - If the document is available online only by subscription,
the document URL would not be accessible by nonsubscribers.
•Unstable document URL - If the publisher is one for which document URLs
are subject to change, the home page URL is more likely to be helpful.
Full document URL:
•Publisher website that’s difficult to search
•Message posted to a blog or other online forum
38
Newspaper Articles
Author. (Publication year first, followed by month and day). Title of Article.
Title of Newspaper, page no(s).
Newspaper article
Cheng, A. (2009, September 23). Education system fails those most in need.
South China Morning Post, p. EDT12.
Online newspaper article
• To avoid nonworking URLs, give the home page URL
Andrew, E. L. (2009, April 19). U.S. may convert banks’ bailouts to equity
share. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
39
Web pages
Author. (Year). Title of web page. Retrieved from URL
•
Examples
Education Bureau. (2008). Qualifications framework. Retrieved from
http://www.hkqf.gov.hk/guie/home.asp
International Association of Universities. (2008). IAU: For a worldwide higher education
community. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/iau/association/index.html
Hong Kong Institute of Education. (n. d.). Vision & mission. Retrieved from
http://www.ied.edu.hk/web/hkied_vision_and_mission.html
40
More Reference List Examples
See Library Online Tutorials on Citing Information
http://www.lib.ied.edu.hk/is/tutorial/Module_Citing_Info/1_1_content.htm
41
Cannot find the information needed in the
APA Manual?
• Refer to the APA Blog for new update
• Some posting on citing references:
• How Do You Cite an E-Book (e.g., Kindle Book)?
• Can You Cite Personal Life Experience?
• How to Cite Wikipedia in APA Style
• How to Cite Something You Found on a Website in APA Style
• How to Cite Facebook: Fan Pages, Group Pages, and Profile
Information
42
Internet Resources about APA Style
Exercises
Try the following websites to test your knowledge on APA Style rules and
guidelines:
•APA Quiz - Athabasca University
•APA Style and Citation Quiz - ProProfs.com
•APA Style Quiz - Northern Illinois University
•APA Tutorial Test Your Knowledge - The University of Southern
Mississippi
•Interactive APA Practice Exercises - Wiley
•Test Your Skills APA Citation Exercises - Benedictine University
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APA 6th edition is supported in major
Bibliographic Management Tools like
RefWorks and EndNote
RefWorks
Create Bibliography > Output Style
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Thank You
Ask your Librarian @
 Information Counter
 Tel: 2948 6653
 Email: libinfo@ied.edu.hk
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