Academic Development in the School of Health
Referencing and the School of
Health Citation Guide
Academic Development Tutors
School of Health
Today’s session
• Overview of when and why we need to
reference
• Guidelines for referencing on your
programme
• Tips on introducing references into the
text
• Paraphrasing and avoiding plagiarism
Why/when reference?
• Why do you have to reference?
– To provide evidence to support ideas that you
draw upon in your writing
– To credit another writer
– To allow reader to follow-up the reference
• When should you reference?
– When draw upon idea that is not your own, e.g.
• Point of view/argument
• Statistical information
• Published evidence
• Without references ideas lack credibility, e.g.
– Some health professionals burn out due to the
emotional strain of the job
• Compare this with:
– Steele (2010) explains that due to the clientcentred nature of healthcare, service providers
might become emotionally drained
Typical sources of references
•
•
•
•
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Main sources are:
Books
Journal articles
Electronic databases
What about the internet?
• May not be reliable, look for author name, contact
details, date of publication. If unsure, see:
• http://www.vts.intute.ac.uk/detective/
brief.html
School Citation Guidelines
• There are different systems for referencing
• School uses the Harvard system of referencing
• Always follow the School guidelines; don’t
follow other guidelines (e.g. others found on
internet)
• Don’t try to learn it; sit it in front of you
when writing
Where should the references go?
In the United States it is estimated that 75-85% of people with
severe mental illness are unemployed, whereas estimates in
the United Kingdom range from 61% to 73%.Yet despite these
high unemployment rates, surveys consistently show that
most people with severe mental illness want to work.
There are compelling social, and clinical reasons for helping
people with mental illness to work. From a social standpoint,
high unemployment rates are an index of the social exclusion
of people with mental illness, which the US and UK
governments, among others, are committed to reducing.
From a clinical standpoint, employment may lead to
improvements in outcome through increasing self esteem,
alleviating psychiatric symptoms, and reducing dependency.
Referencing components
• There are 2 components to a reference:
1. In text reference (e.g. Smith, 2010)
2. Full reference details (at the back) – e.g.
Scottish Executive. 2000, Allied Health
Profession now and into the future. HMSO,
Edinburgh.
Text citations (see section 2.0 of Citation Guide)
• Give the author(s) surname and publication year in the
text of your work and the full reference at the back.
• 1 author: surname and date (Anderson, 2005)
• 2 authors: surnames and date (Anderson & Smith, 2005)
• If no brackets use ‘and’ rather than ‘&’ e.g: Anderson
and Smith (2005) reported that….
Text citations (see section 2.0 of Citation Guide)
• If more than 2 authors use ‘et al’ e.g:
(Anderson et al, 2005)
• If quote word for word, need to give the page no.
e.g:
• McArdle, Katch and Katch (2001, p.376) state that;
“slow twitch fibres generate energy for ATP
resynthesis predominantly through the aerobic
system of energy transfer.”
A few things to remember...
• If no name on website article, cite the
organisation, e.g. (Scottish Government, 2009)
• Don’t quote big sections unless can’t put in
own words – why?
• Looks like don’t understand what author is saying
• Text looks ‘bitty’ and badly structured
Weaving references into the text
Some examples:
• As Smith (2004) argued….
• Smith and Bloggs (2001) suggested that….
• One researcher (Smith, 2005) argued that….
• Other authors have agreed with this view (Anderson &
Bloggs, 2003; Smith, 2005)
• Smith (2007) supports this, stating that….
• Further studies have shown that….(Anderson & Baker,
2002; Smith & Bloggs, 2008)
• Multiple sources should be listed in chronological order
and separated by semi-colons
Useful words for reporting
• Examples of verbs you can use to report the
views of others:
• Allege, assert, claim, consider, contend, declare,
demonstrate, explain, found, report, show, state,
suggest, surmise, warn
• NB: Consider carefully what words you use –
some words have stronger implications than
others
Plagiarism
• What is plagiarism?
– The unacknowledged use of another’s work as if it
were your own)
• Much of plagiarism at university is not deliberate
cheating; it tends to be a failure to reference and
quote properly.
• Considered a very serious offence
• Turnitin – don’t be tempted!
• Easy to accidentally plagiarise
Avoiding plagiarism - paraphrasing
• Make sure you paraphrase (put author’s ideas in your
own words), e.g.
• Original: In the first year of life, infants form an
attachment – a deep, affectionate, close and
enduring relationship – with parents (Bowlby, 1973).
• Paraphrased: The strong bonds or ‘attachments’ that
infants develop with their parents in the first year of
life can be considered to be deep and durable
(Bowlby, 1973).
• NB: Be very careful not to change the meaning of the
original text
Be confident – put the text in your own words
• Original: First impressions are difficult to change and
typically have a long-lasting influence on how one
person reacts to another (Clarke, 2003)
• Paraphrased: According to Clarke (2003), once first
impressions are formed, they cannot be altered easily
and often have an enduring effect on how individuals
interact with each other.
Reference list (see section 3.0 of Guide)
• Positioned at back of essay (books will often
also have a reference list at the back)
• Reference list contains ALL details of the
sources you have used
• Follow the Citation Guide very carefully
• References should be presented in
alphabetical order
Constructing a reference list: the rules
• Book: Smith, P. 2005, Living in Glasgow, 3rd edn,
Longman, Edinburgh.
• Chapter in a book (where chapters are written by
different authors – section 3.2 of Guide): Ferguson,
D. 2008, “Rehabilitation.” in: Occupational Health
Nursing, ed. K. Oakley, 2nd edn, Wiley, Chichester, pp.
253-270.
• Journal article: Shrewsbury, M. 2003, “Pollical
oblique ligament in humans and non human
primates”, Journal of Anatomy, vol. 202, no. 4,
pp.51.
Referencing electronic material
• See section 4.0 of guide
• Web page (section 4.1 of Guide): Daly, J. & MyiLibrary,
2005, Professional nursing: concepts, issues, and
challenges [online]. Springer, New York, NY. Available at:
http://www.myilibrary.com?id=181155&Ref=Athens
[Accessed 26th March 2010].
• If no author is identified, e.g: Library Services: Glasgow
Caledonian University. 2010, [online]. Available at:
http://www.gcal.ac.uk/library/ [Accessed 31st August
2010].
Reference list (continued)
• List all authors but if more than 6, use ‘et al’ after the 6th
author
• If more than 1 publication by same author, list by order
of date (most recent first)
• If more than 1 publication by same author in single year
and used ‘a’ ‘b’ etc to distinguish them in the text. Use
again in reference list, e.g.
– Lazarus, R.S. 2000a, “How emotions influence
performance in competitive sports”, The Sport
Psychologist, vol. 14, pp. 229-252.
– Lazarus, R.S. 2000b, “Toward better research on stress and
coping”, American Psychologist, vol. 55, pp. 665-673.
Other kinds of citations
• Publication from corporate body - see section
3.6, e.g.
• Scottish Executive. 2000, Allied Health Profession
now and into the future. HMSO, Edinburgh.
• Acts of Parliament – see section 3.11, e.g:
• The Scottish Government, 2004, Higher Education
Act, HMSO, Scotland, Edinburgh.
Academic Development in the School of Health