1. Knowledge Hierarchy
2. Categories of Knowledge
3. Types of Knowledge
4. Steps of Knowledge Process
5. KM Definition
6. History of KM
7. Purpose of KM
8. Success Factors of KM
9. IDeA’s Case

The Knowledge Hierarchy
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Data is a fact that alone is not significant, as it doesn’t relate to other data.
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Information is data that is related and is therefore in context.
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Knowledge is the application of information.
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Wisdom is complete understanding of the effects and outcomes of knowledge.
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Data

Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
What is answered? How is it used?
What?
Simple glossary, lists, codes
What?
+
Who,when and where?
Who, what, when, where?
+
How and why?
Who, what, when, where, how and why?
Simple Processes and
Procedures
Policies
Policies, Processes, and Procedures

Categories of Knowledge
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Explicit Knowledge is easy to articulate, communicate and store.
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Its content is codified.
It is located in “tools” like computers.
It can be communicated through information technology and other archives.
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Tacit Knowledge is difficult to articulate, communicate and store.
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It is non-codified.
It is located exclusively in the human mind.
It is based on their experience.
It involves such intangible factors as personal belief, perspective and values.
It will form the invisible part of organizational knowledge.
It includes organizational culture, experience, feelings, confidence, relationship.

Japan Model of Knowledge

Types of Knowledge
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Externalized Knowledge;
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Knowledge is complex and initially tacit.
But, it can be externalized and embedded in a company's products and processes.
One of the aspects of tacit knowledge is the cognitive dimension that comprises beliefs, ideals, values, and mental models.
This cognitive component should be extracted to retain context and fullness of the captured explicit knowledge.
Multilocational Knowledge;
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Knowledge might be in the organization and outside of it.
KM includes activities relating to the integration of this knowledge from different sources in different forms and maintaining it.
Migratory Knowledge;
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Migratory knowledge is knowledge that is independent of its owner or creator.
The ability to transfer knowledge from one person or organization to another without losing its context and meaning is an important point.

Fundamental Steps in the Knowledge and Learning
Process;
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Knowledge Acquisition is the process of developpment and creation of insight, skills and relationships.
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Knowledge Sharing comprises disseminating and making available what is already known.
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Knowledge Utilization appears when learning is integrated into the organization. All knowledge which is present in the company can be applied, at least in part, to new situations.

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An informal survey identified over 100 published definitions of knowledge management, and of these, at least 72 could be considered very good.
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Clearly, KM is a multidisciplinary field of study that covers a lot of ground.
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Applying knowledge to work is integral to most business activities.

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Knowledge management is the name of a concept in which a company gathers, organizes, shares, and analyzes its knowledge in terms of resources, documents, and people skills.
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It involves data mining and some methods of operation to push information to users.
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A knowledge management plan involves a survey of corporate goals and a close examination of the tools , required for addressing the needs of the company.

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The industrial era in the 1800s;
Evolution of transportation technologies in 1850;
Evolution of communications in 1900;
Computerization beginning in the 1950s;
Virtualization in the early 1980s.
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Main apparition of the notion of knowledge management with evolution of computerization .

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Pioneers
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Peter Drucker in the 1970s;
Karl-Erik Sveiby in the late 1980s;
Nonaka and Takeuchi in the 1990s;
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Economic, social and technological changes were transforming the way that companies worked.
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Globalisation emerged;
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New opportunities;
Competition increased.
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By the early 1990s, knowledge management was accepted as “the” new business practice.
It began to appear in more and more business journals and in academic world.
By the mid-1990s, managing knowledge became a mainstream business objective for all companies.

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To share perspectives, ideas, experience and information;
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To ensure that these are available in the right place at the right time ;
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To improve efficiency by reducing the need to rediscover knowledge.

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Delivering and making transparent customer value;
Using information and knowledge to identify and react to customer needs.
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Producing innovative products and services;
Promoting innovation in the product development process, analyzing trends in the market and adjusting development processes.
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Increasing organizational effectiveness;
Improving the responsiveness of the business through organizational learning, faster planning and decision making.

The Four Pillars of Bixler
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Leadership: A strong leader can ensure that knowledge management issues are well understood, the KM project is well-designed and implemented, and that it is used as originally intended.
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Organization: To be successful, the framework and strategy of a knowledge management initiative must be aligned with an organization’s operational processes.
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Technology: Technology provides the infrastructure that supports knowledge management initiatives within the enterprise. The lack of the appropriate tools, technology, and infrastructure can lead to failure the most well planned
KM initiative.
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Learning: Learning can be described as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or instruction. Organizational learning can be achieved by increasing internal communications, creating learning communities, etc.

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The internet and web technology;
It makes knowledge sharing, exchange and transformation possible with a quick, high-efficiency and low-cost method in all over the world.
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Database technology and datawarehouse;
Information and knowledge must be saved on a database. Because of the many types of knowledge in stored format, a comprehensive data warehouse platform is important.
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Multimedia technology;
It offers overall solutions for knowledge conversion, transfer and exchange (books, videos, audio recording, electronic documents..).
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Communication technology;
With the development of communication technology, it has became easier to acquire knowledge. It also enhances the capability of knowledge transfer and exchange.
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Software technology;
From knowledge desktop to knowledge services, all stages are implemented by software technology.

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IDeA is an improvement and development agency in England.
It works for government.
Its goal is to improve people’s lives and to meet the changing needs of citizens.
It uses tools and particularly knowledge management.
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Knowledge banks: online services and resources which hold information, learning and support.
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Knowledge network: a group of people who share a common interest working together in a specific area of knowledge.
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Knowledge café: a group of people have an open, creative conversation in an informal environment on a topic of a mutual interest.