SHMD 139
11/02/2013
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Planes of the Body
• Frontal Plane =
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Pg 9-11
– Pivot joint.
– Rotation: Limb moves in a circular movement towards the middle
of the body.
– Flexion: Occurs when the angle of a joint decreases.
– Extension: Occurs the angle of a joint increases.
– Lateral flexion & extension.
3
– Ball & Socket joint.
– Circumduction: limb moves in a circle.
– Rotation.
– Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
– Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body.
– Horizontal adduction & abduction.
– Flexion.
– Extension.
– Hyperextension: exaggerated extension motion.
4
– Hinge joint.
– Flexion.
– Extension.
5
– Condyloid joint.
Flexion.
Extension.
Adduction.
Abduction.
Circumduction.
Pronation: when the hand moves from an upward facing
position to a downward facing position.
– Supination: when the hand moves from a downward facing
position to an upward facing position.
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–
–
–
–
–
6
– Ball & Socket joint.
– Circumduction.
– Rotation.
– Flexion.
– Extension.
– Adduction.
– Abduction.
7
– Hinge joint.
– Flexion.
– Extension.
8
– Synovial hinge joint.
(Specific to ankle joint)
– Plantarflexion: Foot moves away from the shin bone, and your
toes will be pointing downward.
– Dorsiflexion: foot moves toward the shin bone as if you are
pulling your toes up.
– Occurs at gliding joint between tarsals:
– Inversion: Soles of the feet are facing each other.
– Eversion: Soles of the feet are facing away from each other.
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Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis Major
Serratus Anterior
Abdominal
Obliques
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Tibialis Anterior
Biceps
Rectus Abdominus
Sartorius
Vastus Medialis
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
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Trapezius
Rhomboids
Deltoids
Triceps
Latissimus Dorsi
External Oblique
Gluteus Maximus
Biceps Femoris
Gluteus Medius
Semitensinosus
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Achilles Tendon
Soleus
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• Tendons:
– Connects muscle to bone.
– Carry force of muscle
contraction to the bone.
• Ligaments:
– Connects bone to bone.
– Act to give stability to
joints.
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• Cartilage: Tough, fibrous connective tissue without
nerves or blood supply that provides protection and
support to joints, tubes, ends of long bones, and facial
structures (e.g., ears and nose).
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• Bursa: small sacs of fluid that are located between
bone & other moving structures i.e. muscles, skin,
tendons.
Bursa
allows
smooth
gliding
between
structures, without friction.
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