Hazard Identification and Control
Courtesy of the
Public Education and Conferences Section
Oregon Occupational Safety and Health
Division (OR-OSHA)
IDENTIFYING HAZARDS
It takes a hazard and someone
exposed to the hazard to
produce an accident.
Hazard + Exposure a Accident
What is “Exposure?”
• How close are you to the "danger zone"?
• Physical exposure - generally arm’s length
• Environmental exposure - could be everyone in facility.
Conditions and behaviors are just
the symptoms
• They are specific: if you can point to a person or a thing, it's
a surface symptom
• They may exist or be performed by anyone, anytime,
anywhere
• They may directly cause or contribute to an incident or
accident
• They likely represent the outputs of a flawed safety
management system
• They are important clues revealing root causes
3
• Conditions account for _____ % of all
workplace accidents.
95
• Behaviors account for _____ % of all
workplace accidents.
2
• Uncontrollable acts account for ____ %
of all workplace accidents.
Conclusion: Management has some degree of
control over 98% of the causes for all accidents in
the workplace!
The underlying root causes must be
diagnosed and treated!
System Design Defects - Missing or inadequate program
development
• One or more inadequate policies, plans, programs, processes,
procedures, practices
• Inadequate resources - money, time, people, materials, etc.
• Assures inadequate implementation of the safety management
system
• Have the greatest positive or negative impact on the safety
management system
System Performance Defects - Failure to accomplish
action plans
• Managers, supervisors, or employees fail to effectively carry
out safety policies, plans, processes, procedures or
management practices
• They produce common hazardous conditions and/or unsafe
behaviors, or
• They produce repeated unique hazardous conditions and/or
unsafe behaviors
Four Important Processes to
Identify and Analyze Hazards
1
Inspections
How to develop an effective safety and health
checklist.
• Determine applicable state safety & health rules for the
workplace.
• Review rules and use those you feel apply to your
workplace.
• Develop applicable checklist questions that are not
addressed in the rules.
Who's involved in the inspection process?
What is a major weakness inherent in the
inspection process?
What process(es) can we use to overcome this
weakness?
2
Observation
Observations, informal and formal, are quite
important in daily workplace safety.
• Employees and managers can spot
hazardous conditions and unsafe or
inappropriate behaviors while they conduct
their other tasks.
3
The Job Hazard Analysis
The process...
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_______
• Break a job or task into specific steps.
• Analyze each step for specific hazardous
conditions and unsafe practices.
• Develop preventive measures in each step to
eliminate or reduce the hazards.
• Integrate preventive measures into training
and standard operating procedures (SOP’s).
Why is it important to involve the employee
in the JHA process?
What is the purpose of the incident/accident
analysis?
Inspect to identify potential
accidents
Struck-by
Caught-between
Struck-against
Fall-To-surface
Contact-by
Fall-To-below
Contact-with
Over-exertion
Caught-on
Bodily reaction
Caught-in
Over-exposure
Weed out the causes of injuries and accidents
Strains
Direct Cause of
Injury
Burns
Cuts
Un
gu
ard
ed
ma
ch
ken
Chem
Crea
too
ls
ctive
Untrained
y
Fails to tr
ain
work
To much
Inadequate training plan
No accountability policy
y
Fails to enforce
Lack of time
No orientation process
jur
rt in
Fails to inspect
worker
No discipline procedures
rd
a haza
po
to re
Fails
PPE
Inadequate training
aza
te a h
Ignore
ical sp
ill
Defe
la
sep
rd
B ro
Lack of vision No mission statement
Surface
Causes
H or
ine
No recognition
Inadequate labeling
Outdated hazcom program
No recognition plan
No inspection policy
Root
Causes
Direct Cause of injury- A harmful transfer of energy
that produces injury or illness.
Surface Causes of accident - Specific hazardous
conditions or unsafe behaviors that result in an accident.
Root Causes of the accident - Common behaviors
and conditions that ultimately result in an accident.
Analyze to Determine Risk
Probability
• Unlikely to Certain
Severity
• Other than serious • Serious physical harm -
• Death -
Factors that increase risk
• The number of employees exposed;
• The frequency and duration of exposure;
• The proximity of employees to the point of danger;
• Potential severity of the injury or illness
• Factors that require work under stress;
• Factors that increase severity;
• Lack of proper training and supervision or improper
workplace design; or
• Other factors which may significantly affect the degree of
probability of an accident occurring.
What’s the Bottom Line on
Accident costs?
Total Claims: 25,662
Average Cost: $11,678
Fatalities
Average Cost: $300,000
CONTROLLING HAZARDS
Hazard + Exposure a Accident
1. Engineering Controls - design tools, equipment,
machinery, materials, facilities
Hazard + Exposure a Accident
2. Management Controls - Attempt to limit exposure to
hazards.
Why are engineering control considered to
be superior to work practice or
administrative controls?
Control hazards with effective
education and training
If it isn’t in writing…it didn’t get done…
DOCUMENT TRAINING!
Sample training certification for specific tasks
• Trainee certification
• Trainer certification
• Supervisor validation
Personal Protective Equipment
What might be some of the drawbacks of
reliance solely on PPE to protect workers?
Interim measures
Effective Maintenance Processes
Two equipment maintenance programs
1. Preventive Maintenance to make sure equipment
and machinery runs safely and smoothly.
2. Corrective Maintenance to make sure equipment
gets back into safe service quickly.
How can we make sure corrective maintenance is
completed quickly?
What’s the Bottom Line on
Accident costs?
Total Claims: 25,662
Average Cost: $11,678
Fatalities
Average Cost: $300,000
Discussion!