Chapter 4
The Accounting Cycle
• List in correct order:
–
–
–
–
–
(A) Financial statements prepared
(B) Transactions posted to ledger
(C) Closing entries journalized and posted to ledger
(D) Transactions analyzed and recorded in journal
(E) Trial balance prepared (unnecessary if worksheet
completed); adjustment data assembled; worksheet
completed
– (F) Post-closing trial balance prepared
– (G) Adjusting entries journalized and posted to ledger
Answer
• D; B; E; A; G; C; F
• Exhibit 1, p.141
Purpose of Worksheet
• Facilitates End-of-the-Accounting-Period
• Easy-to-use/All-in-one-sheet containing
data needed for adjusting entries as well
as financial statements
• Excel adaptation
The Worksheet
Exhibit 2; p. 144B; 5 columns
• “Trial Balance”
– Transferred from Ledger; debits = credits
• “Adjustments”
– Record adjusting entries (p. 142: a-f); debits = credits
• “Adjusted Trial Balance”
– Compute the new balance after considering adjusting entries;
check for accuracy as debits = credits
• “Income Statement”
– Enter the balance in the revenue and expense accounts; total
debits and credits; difference between debits and credits is Net
Income (Net Loss)
• “Balance Sheet”
– Enter the balance of assets, liabilities, capital, and drawings;
total debit and credits; difference is Net Income (Net Loss)
Class Exercise: Dixie Machinery
• Adjusting entries: Record the following and
prepare an Adjusted Trial Balance
– $375 of prepaid insurance has expired
– $400 of Office Equipment Depreciation
– $350 in salaries are owed to employees
• Note: While you must journalize and post
adjusting entries on the books, we will
ignore for now.
Answer: Adjusted Trial Balance
• Now prepare
– Income Statement
• What was the Net Income (Loss)?
– Balance Sheet
Answer: Net Income
• Income Statement
– Total credits (revenues): 15140
– Total debits (expenses): 11290
– Difference = Net income: $3850
• Balance Sheet:
– Total debits (assets): $7400
– Total credits (liabilities & Owners’ Equity):
$3550
– Difference = Net Income: $3850
Balance Sheet
• Prepare a formal (classified) balance
sheet (bottom p. 144; 144C).
Closing Entries
• Why?
– (1) Revenues and Expenses are recorded for the year
to determine net for each year.
• But to record each year, at EOY the balance must be reset to
zero in each revenue, expenses, and drawing accounts.
• Since each year they start at zero balance they are known as
temporary accounts. All other accounts are known as real
accounts.
– (2) Need to move the balance of the 3 accounts to the
owner’s capital account.
• To show effect on Owner’s Equity.
Income Summary
• Why?
– To move the balances from the temporary accounts.
• The difference between revenues and expenses = Net Income
(Loss)
• How?
–
–
–
–
–
Close Revenues to Income Summary
Close Expenses to Income Summary
Confirm that balance in Income Summary = Net Income (Loss)
Close balance in Income Summary to Capital
Close drawing account to Capital (NOT IN INCOME SUMMARY)
• Balance in Income Summary is closed to the owner’s
capital account
Class Exercise: Closing Entries
Post-Closing Trial Balance
• Why?
– To make sure the Ledger accounts are at zero
balance for next period.
• Example: Exhibit 12
Questions:
• (1) Which type of accounts do not appear
in the post-closing trial balance?
• (2) Which accounts appear in the postclosing trial balance?
• (3) If an account was overlooked in the
closing process, would the post-closing
trial balance still balance?
Answers:
• (1) Temporary accounts: Revenues,
Expenses, Drawings
• (2) Real accounts: Assets, Liabilities, and
Capital
• (3) Yes. However, the Owner’s Capital
Account will not be the same as the one in
the Balance Sheet
Fiscal v. Calendar Year
Financial Analysis
• Working Capital
• Current Ratio