Introduction to Participatory
Planning & Implementation
Leonellha Barreto-Dillon, seecon international gmbh
Introduction to Participatory Planning & Implementation
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will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation
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Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation
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Contents
1. Introduction to Participation
2. Participatory Processes
3. Participatory Planning Approaches
4. Planning and Process Tools for SSWM
1
Exploring
2
Demand Creation
3
Participatory Decision Making
4
Implementation
5
Ensuring Sustainability
References
SOURCE: L. Barreto DilloN
Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation
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1.Introduction to Participation
The latest developments in international cooperation ideology reflect a
shift away from top-down planning to strategic bottom-up processes.
highly structured processes with
written-in-stone rules and
methodologies of top-down
planning procedures, mostly
directed by donors interests
SOURCE: NETSSAF 2008
Usually, the priorities, needs, boundaries and conditions of the
water and sanitation programmes and projects were defined by
authorities and officials based on their own perceptions of what was
needed for the target beneficiaries, meanwhile these last could not
express their own interests
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1.Introduction to Participation
Participation of users is now
thought to be a pre-requisite
for sustainable development.
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1.Introduction to Participation
What is participation?
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1. Introduction to Participation
...according to the big players participation:
• “... Is the process through which stakeholders influence and share
control over priority setting, policy-making, resource allocations
and access to public goods and services”. (The World Bank)
• “... means that people … are involved in economic, social, cultural
and political processes that influence their lives”. (United Nations
Development Programme)
• “... stands for a partnership based on dialogue between the
different partners involved…. This requires negotiation rather
than the dominance of a project agenda that has been defined
from outside. (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD))
SOURCE: WERNER, C.; PANESAR, A.; BRACKEN, P.; MANG, H. P.; HUBA-MANG,
E. and GEROLD, A. (2003): „An ecosan source book for the preparation and
implementation of ecological sanitation projects”. GTZ- ecosan program,
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn,
Germany.
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1. Introduction to Participation
... Another definition:
Participation is a communication process between all the people and
groups involved in making a joint decision to ensure that it has been
made on the basis of a partnership (WERNER et al, 2003)
Participation is therefore not just a process where
external agents “inform”, “instruct”, “motivate”
and “educate” people to take what they believe
to be the correct course of action.
SOURCE: WERNER, C.; PANESAR, A.; BRACKEN, P.; MANG, H. P.; HUBA-MANG,
E. and GEROLD, A. (2003): „An ecosan source book for the preparation and
implementation of ecological sanitation projects”. GTZ- ecosan program,
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn,
Germany.
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2. Participatory Processes
... What are the challenges?
-Take a (very) long time
-Are complex and complicated
-Will cost a lot of manpower to facilitate
-Are hard to finance
-In an urban context, government support becomes essential
-Strong leadership needed
-Ensuring that all sections of the community
-Might lead to a decision you didn’t want (or none at all)
So why should we bother with
participation?
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2. Participatory Processes
... But what are the benefits?
Because:
-Demand-responsive approach (beneficiaries ask for help)
-Community mobilisation
-To find out the real needs/adapt it to needs
-Increase sense of ownership
-To educate/involve them to make an informed choice
-To make the project sustainable
-Empower community – encourage more decision making
-To adapt project to local conditions
-Share resources, ideas, responsibility
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2. Participatory Processes
SOURCE: L. Barreto Dillon
What happens if we don‘t do
it!
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3. Participation Planning Approaches
„How can I do it?“
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3. Participation Planning Approaches
Participatory planning approaches (PPA) in the water and sanitation
context are step-wise processes for the planning and implementation
of projects and programmes.
They make use of interactive methodologies and tools to generate
constructive collaboration among stakeholders who may not be used to
working together, often come from different backgrounds, and may
have different values and interests.
Monitoring
Launch of
Identify
Imple&
the
Analysis possible
mentation
project
solutions
Evaluation
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3. Participatory Planning Approaches
There are many methodologies…
Participatory methodologies can be
thought
of
as
packages
of
participatory techniques and tools.
…and many tools
Tools / Methods / Techniques are
specific ways of completing tasks that
add up to a methodology.
Source: Wageningen International, http://portals.wi.wur.nl/msp/index.php?page=1180
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3. Participatory Planning Approaches
Purposes of the tools
-Gaining ideas
-Organising and ranking
-Analysing factors
-Collecting information
-Planning
-Monitoring and evaluating
Tools can be used at different
stages in the learning cycle
Source: Wageningen International,
http://portals.wi.wur.nl/msp/index.php?page=1180retrieved in April 2010
Source: Wageningen International, http://portals.wi.wur.nl/msp/index.php?page=1180
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4. Planning and Process Tools for SSWM
 Use the one you like!
However, most Planning Approaches have at least the following 5 steps
in common:
SOURCE: www.sswm.info
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4. Planning and Process Tools for SSWM
1. Exploring
• Preliminary Assessment of Current
Status
• Definition of Boundaries
• Stakeholder’s Analysis
• Preliminary Assessment of possible
solutions
Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation
SOURCE: L. Barreto Dillon
This is the beginning of the planning process, in
which the initiator obtains an overview of the
situation. This step allows to collect background
information necessary to determine the scope and
boundaries of the project from the technical and
stakeholders perspective. The sub-steps involved in
this first phase are:
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4. Planning and Process Tools for SSWM
2. Demand Creation
• Just providing hardware is not enough.
• Many water & sanitation programmes have failed because they
were supply driven (organisations wanted something, not the
people!)
• People will only use and SSWM-systems properly which they
really want them themselves (demand driven).
• People will only accept solutions when they understand them
and see benefits of them.
Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation
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4. Planning and Process Tools for SSWM
3. Participatory Decision Making
Actual participatory decision making process, in which
the identified stakeholders undertake a collective
action of understanding, deciding and planning a
project to reach a common objective. The
components involved are:
• Gathering Ideas
• Analysing the Situation
• Deciding
• Planning
A vision paper, such as a Community Action Plan or
a Long Term Strategy should compile the decisions
taken in this step.
Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation
SOURCE: L. Barreto Dillon
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4. Planning and Process Tools for SSWM
4. Implementation
Once a Action Plan has been developed through a
participatory process, the objectives are now to be
translated into projects. Usually a project covers a
reduced and concrete number of purposes, has a
define time-plan and its results should add-up to
reaching the vision of the community. The phases to
be carried out are:
• Conceptualising (proposal etc.)
• Financing the Project
• Project Management
• Execution
SOURCE: L. Barreto Dillon
Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation
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4. Planning and Process Tools for SSWM
5. Ensuring Sustainability
Post-implementation activities are crucial
to ensure the sustainability of a project.
Without a proper monitoring the projects
risk to collapse or be abandoned after the
external support has finished. Activities to
be carried out after the project
completion include:
• Participatory Monitoring and
Evaluation
• Operation and Maintenance
• Follow-up of projects
SOURCE L. Barreto Dillon
Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation
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References
CONRADIN, K., KROPAC, M. and SPUHLER, D. (Ed.)(2010): SSWM Toolbox. Bassel: seecon gmbh. URL:
www.sswm.info [Accessed: 13.09.2010]
NETSSAF (2008): NETSSAF Participatory Planning Approach, A tutorial for sustainable sanitation
planning. URL: http://www.netssaftutorial.org
WAGENINGEN UR, PPM&E Resource Portal (2010): Participatory Planning Monitoring & Evaluation,
Managing and Learning for Impact in Rural Development. URL: http://portals.wi.wur.nl/ppme/?Home
[Accessed: 27.05.2010]
WERNER, C.; PANESAR, A.; BRACKEN, P.; MANG, H. P.; HUBA-MANG, E. and GEROLD, A. (2003): „An
ecosan source book for the preparation and implementation of ecological sanitation projects”. GTZecosan program, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany.
Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation
“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation,
Water Management & Agriculture”
SSWM is an initiative
supported by:
Compiled by:
Introduction to Participatory Planning and Implementation
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