Project Design
Leonellha Barreto Dillon, seecon gmbh
Project Design
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The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation
and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and
the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with
respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
Project Design
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From Community Action Plan to Projects
Once the Community Action Plan has been written, strategic
objectives should be agreed, which will provide a framework for
planning future actions.
Community Action Plan
Project Design
Strategic
Objectives
Future
Planning
Objective 1
Project 1
Objective 2
Project 2
Objective 3
Project 3
...
...
Objective N
Project N
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So, the aim of the project should be:
achieving one or a defined number of strategic objectives and
ultimately the overall water and sanitation vision.
For instances:
Strategic Objectives
•To eradicate open defecation in
our town by 2015
• To increase the access to
improved sanitation facilities to
90% by 2020.
•To safely reuse 50% of treated
wastewater in agricultural fields
by 2020.
Project Design
Actions to be taken:
Awareness raising campaign...
Demand creation &
information campaign
Project 1
Construction of new toilet
facilities...
Construction of a treatment
plant...
Project 2
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Definition of Project
A project is a unique venture to produce a
set of outputs within clearly specified time,
cost and quality constraints.
SOURCE: METHOD123 (2003): Project Management
Guidebook. URL: www.method123.com. [Accessed:
20.05.2010]
Project Design
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Project Design
It consists of two elements:
•
project planning (formulation of project elements; e.g with the
help of a Logical Framework); and
•
project proposal writing (converting the plan into a project
document).
Project design is a result of both project planning and the project
proposal.
Both steps are essential to forming a solid project design.
Project Design
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Getting Ready to Start a Project
Tips to start successfully your project design:
Identify potential funding options
Build a team for proposal development:
-Leader: coordinate all inputs and write core sections.
-Technical experts: brainstorming, give input in technical issues.
-Administrative staff: give accurate information related to budget.
Review carefully the Community Action Plan
Hold a kick-off meeting and share your ideas
Project Design
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Project Tree
Hierarchy of Goal,
Objectives,
Results and
Activities
Objective 1
Result 1
Activity 1
Activity 2
Problem
Goal
Objective 2
Result 2
Result 3
Activity 3
Activity 4
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre:
The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
Project Design
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Defining the Problem
A problem is a negative undesired situation.
When formulating the problem, you should
clearly specify:
1- Reasons
2- Results
3- Magnitude (number or percentage of
impacted persons)
4- Place of the problem
5- The impact of the problem on other
problems especially poverty
environment, women and unemployment.
Project Design
Example:
•50% of the citizens of village (X)
suffer from the garbage
scattered everywhere in the
streets.
•100% of the citizens of village (z)
drink contaminated water.
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal
Writing. Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and
Eastern Europe.
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Using the Logical Framework
Approach
Project Design
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What is a Logframe?
A logical framework (or logframe) is a management tool that
assists in project design by clearly stating the key
components, how the project is expected to work and how
success will be measured
Project Design
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The Logframe Matrix
First step: Top-Down
Project
Structure
Goal
Purpose
Outputs
Activities
Project Design
Indicators of
performance
Means of
verification
Risks and
Assumptions
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A Hierarchy of Objectives
Goal –
greater why
The long-term impact of the project
Purpose –
why
What we hope to achieve – the immediate impact of the project
Outputs –
what
Specific results produced by activities. The TOR & deliverables
Activities – how
Units of work undertaken to produce outputs
Project Design
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Goal of the Project
It is a long term goal (mostly at the national level) this particular
project together with other projects contribute to its achievement
Example:
•improving the quality of life in the community Z
The goal is defined as
“it contributes to …”
Project Design
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Goal of the Project (cont.)
Tips for Setting a Project Goal
1. There should be only one goal per project.
2. The goal should be connected to the vision for
development.
3. It is difficult or impossible to measure the accomplishment
of the goal using measurable indicators, but it should be
possible to prove its merit and contribution to the vision.
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
Project Design
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Purpose of the Project
The objectives should address the core problem in terms of the benefits
to be received by the project beneficiaries or target group as a direct
result of the project. A project will likely have multiple objectives.
Characteristics:
•Specific
•Measurable
•Applicable
•Realistic
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre:
•Timely
Project Design
The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
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Purpose of the Project (cont.)
Requirements of
drafting the project
objective:
•percentages or
figures
•place specified
•target group specified
Example:
•Increase the number of families from village Z
in quantity X who live in a clean garbage-free
environment within Y years.
•Improve the water supply in quantity X and
quality Y for the population of village Z in the
next N years.
•time-specific
•positive desired state
Project Design
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Outputs of the Project
Results describe the services or products to be delivered to the intended
beneficiaries.
This is what the project team is promising to deliver.
The results are more detailed than the objectives and the goal, and should be
possible to measure through the use of objective indicators.
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre:
The Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
Project Design
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Outputs of the Project (cont.)
Example of outputs:
•Increase number of families living in a clean garbage-free environment.
•Increased number of households connected to the water supply system; and
•Increased number of water taps in the village.
An indicator is the signal indicating the achievement of the set goal.
Example:
-Number of new water taps in the village
Project Design
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Activities of the Project
The tasks to be undertaken to achieve the aspired results.
Activities:
…are linked to specific outputs
… are usually specific tasks that are allocated to individuals or groups
… be designed having regard to the skills and expertise of the agency and
stakeholders
… should be listed in chronological order under each output in the
logframe
“Activities are defined using an action verb in a present tense, eg.
Design, draw up, search, construct…”
Project Design
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The Logframe Matrix
Second step: Work Across
Project
Structure
Goal
Purpose
Outputs
Activities
Project Design
Indicators of
performance
Means of
verification
Risks and
Assumptions
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Indicators of performance
Indicators allow to measure the progress in terms of quantity, quality
and time.
-Impact indicators: related to the overall goal, helps to monitor
the achievement and the impact of the project.
Example: “Incidence of water borne diseases, skin infections and
blood disorders caused by heavy metals, reduced by 50% by 2020”.
-Outcome indicators: related to the purpose and results.
Example: “Concentration of heavy metal compounds (Pb, Cd, Hg)
and untreated sewerage; reduced by 25% (compared to levels in
2010) and meets established national health/pollution control
standards by end of 2015”.
Project Design
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Define the means of verification
What are the sources of information/data to verify outcomes and
accomplishments?
These may include:
Publications;
Surveys;
Project notes, minutes, reports and records;
Photographs, tapes, videos etc.
Project Design
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Identify important assumptions/risks
Conditions which are important to the outcome of the project but
may not be controlled by the project
May be external to the project
Important to the project success
Closely related to sustainability issues
Project Design
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Third step: bottom - up
Project
Structure
Indicators of
performance
Means of
verification
Risks and
Assumptions
Goal
Purpose
Outputs
Activities
If
Project Design
and
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Definition of Project Proposal
A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities
aimed at solving a certain problem.
The proposal should contain a detailed explanation of the:
• justification of the project;
• activities and implementation timeline;
• methodology; and
• human, material and financial resources required.
SOURCE: NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs,
Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre: The Regional
Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe.
Project Design
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Concept Note
A concept note is a summary of a proposal containing a brief description
of the idea of the project and the objectives to be pursued.
Concept notes are prepare for:
some financing programs, funding agencies require a concept note
before the submission of a full proposal.
donors without a formal call for proposals.
Project Design
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Writing a Concept Note: Template
1. Title: it should be snappy, informative, and distinctive.
2. Background: include your problem and its analysis, together with the
following two guiding questions:
•Why it is crucial to address the problem identified?
•What has already been done to solve the problem?
3. Objectives
Project Design
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4. Outputs: they should be directly related to the project objectives
5. Activities and duration: a summary of the planned activities to
achieve the project objectives should be included here.
Project Design
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The Gantt Chart
Gantt chart or bar chart, which is commonly used for time planning
Project Design
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7. Project management (includes monitoring and evaluation): this section
should explain how the objectives will be achieved and how the project will be
managed and evaluated.
8. Budget
Project Design
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References
EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2009): Guide to Financial Issues relating to FP7 Indirect Actions. Seventh Framework Programme.
URL: ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/docs/financialguide_en.pdf
[Accessed: 08.05.2010]
METHOD123 (2003): Project Management Guidebook. URL: www.method123.com. [Accessed: 20.05.2010]
NEBIU, B. (2002): Developing Skills of NGOs, Project Proposal Writing. Szentendre: The Regional Environmental Centre for
Central and Eastern Europe. URL: http://documents.rec.org/publications/ProposalWriting.pdf
[Accessed: 07.08.2010]
NETSSAF (2008): The NETSSAF Participatory Planning Approach. A Tutorial for Sustainable Sanitation. URL:
http://www.netssaftutorial.com [Accessed: 14.05.2010]
PHILIP, R., ANTON, B., BONJEAN, M., BROMLEY, J., COX, D., SMITS, S., SULLIVAN, C. A., VAN NIEKERK, K., CHONGUIÇA, E.,
MONGGAE, F., NYAGWAMBO, L., PULE, R., BERRAONDO LÓPEZ, M. (2008): Local Government and Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM) Part III: Engaging in IWRM – Practical Steps and Tools for Local Governments. Freiburg: ICLEI European
Secretariat GmbH.
PPIAF –PUBLIC-PRIVATE INFRASTRUCTURE ADVISORY FACILITY- (2010): What are Public-Private Partnerships. URL:
http://www.ppiaf.org [Accessed on 14.05.2010]
SONI, P. (2005): Solution Exchange for WES-NET India. WES-NET India -Water & Environmental Sanitation Network-. URL:
http://www.solutionexchange-un.net.in/environment/cr-public/cr-se-wes-29070501-public.pdf
[Accessed on 16.05.2010]
TRÈMOLET, S., PEREZ, E. and KOSLKY, P. (2007): WSP Sanitation Financing Study. Methodological Note. URL:
http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/a-material-topic-wg/wg02/tremolet-et-al-2007a-methodologicalnote-sanitation-wsp-en.pdf
[Accessed on 16.05.2010]
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“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation,
Water Management & Agriculture”
SSWM is an initiative
supported by:
Compiled by:
Project Design
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