O.Love, L.Magwood, O.Byrd, M.Brockman

They affect the acceptance and relevance of new information and communication systems.

Why Stakeholders Must be Identified
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Stakeholders must be identified so that information can transfer and to power relationships that cut across organizational structure.
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Stakeholders also need to know the severity of the situations and how it affects them and their subordinates whether it be positive or negative.

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A stake holder is anyone who is effected by the success and failure of the system
Four types of stake holders:
-primary: actual users of the system
-secondary: receive output and provide input
-tertiary: no direct involvement but effected by the success and failure
-facilitating: involved in development of the system

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKozswXz7q
M

So how socio-technology effect business
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Understanding that socio-technical models affect and are composed of both human and machine elements.
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The focus of this approach is to describe and document the impact of the introduction of a specific technology into a organization.

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Methods vary but most attempt to capture certain common elements
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The problem being addressed
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The stakeholders affected
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Formal and informal work groups
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Changes
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Proposed technology
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External constraints.

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A Socio-technical methodology designed to be practical to use in small organizations.
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Based on User Skills and Task Match (USTM)
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Developed to allow design teams to understand fully document user requirements
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Establishes stakeholder requirements
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All stakeholders are considered, not jus the end-user

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Applied at the initial state of design
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Product Opportunity – Emphasis is on capturing requirements.
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Forms- Based methodology
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Providing a set of questions to apply at each of its stages

6 key stages to carry out in a CUSTOM analysis:
1.
Describe context
2.
3.
Identify stakeholders
Identify work-groups
4.
5.
6.
Identify task
Identify needs
Consolidate

OSTA stands for Open System Task Analysis
The OSTA has Eight stage model that focus on certain task.

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The primary task identified in terms of users’ goals
 task inputs to system identified
 external environment into which the system will be introduced is described, including physical, economic and political aspects
 transformation processes within the system are described in terms of actions performed on or with objects

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 social system is analyzed, considering existing internal and external work-groups and relationships technical system is described in terms of configuration and integration with other systems performance satisfaction criteria are established, indicating social and technical requirements of system new technical system is specified

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Was developed by Checkland
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There are no assumption of technological solutions but there is an emphasis on understanding situation fully.
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There are stages to Soft System Methodology

 recognition of problem and initiation of analysis
 detailed description of problem situation
 rich picture
 generate root definitions of system
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CATWOE
 conceptual model - identifying transformations
 compare real world to conceptual model
 identify necessary changes
 determine actions to effect changes

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Clients: those who receive output or benefit from the system
Actors: those who perform activities within the system
Transformations: the changes that are affected by the system
Weltanschauung: (from the German) or World View - how the system is perceived in a particular root definition
Owner: those to whom the system belongs, to whom it is answerable and who can authorize changes to it
Environment: the world in which the system operates and by which it is influenced

We then identify the transformations and how it is achieved using the conceptual model. Next we return to our real world system. Finally we decide if the changed are necessary and beneficial to the system as a whole.

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Participatory design is a philosophy that encompasses the whole design cycle
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Design in the workplace, design team
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Users actively collaborate
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Actively participate
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Main Characteristics
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Improve the work environment
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Collaboration
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Interactive approach

Methods to help convey information between the user and designer
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Brainstorming-
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All participants are involved
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Informal
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Unstructured
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“On-the-fly” ideas
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Recorded
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No judgment

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Storyboarding- can be used as a means of describing the user’s day-to-day activities as well as the potential designs and the impact they will have.

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Workshops- fill missing knowledge, getting ideas from both users and designers. Allowing everyone to get a more focused view on the design.
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Pencil and paper exercises- gives everyone a change to walk-through the system using mock designs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-_8d2l_sBE

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Is based on very detailed recording of the interactions between people and between people and their environment.
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Special focus on social relationships

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Ethnography is based on very detailed recording of the interactions between people and their environments. It has a special focus on social relationships and how they affect the nature of work. The ethnographer does not enter actively into the situation, and does not see things from a particular person’s point of view