Al Khawarizmi International College,
Abu Dhabi, U.A.E
Software Development
Module Code: CST 240
Chapter 2: Project Management
1.Design and make a plan for project
management activities .
2. Discuss the types of plan required by
Software Managers.
3.Design a critical path and identify the minimum
duration for project completion.
4. Discuss the risk management in software
development.
5. Illustrate a good understanding of MS Project
software.
Chapter 2: Project Management
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Al Khawarizmi International College,
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Management activities
Project planning
Project scheduling
Project Cost Estimation
Activity Organization
Activity Network Diagram
Risk management
MS-Project
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Project Management is the process of
planning, organizing, staffing,
directing and controlling the production
of a software system.
A software project is managed by a Project
Manager / Software Manager.
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To complete a project:
•On time
•On budget
•With required functionality
•To the satisfaction of the client
•Without exhausting the team
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Responsibilities of Software Manager:
1Planning, scheduling and supervising
the project development.
2Ensuring that the software
development is consistent with the
organization policies, goals and
requirements.
3- Monitoring progress to check that the
development is on time and within budget.
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1.
2.
3.
The product is intangible
Software development process is not
standardized
Large software projects are often 'one-off'
projects
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•Proposal writing.
•Project planning and scheduling.
•Project costing.
•Project monitoring and reviews.
•Personnel selection and evaluation.
•Report writing and presentations.
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May not be possible to appoint the ideal
people to work on a project
◦ Project budget may not allow for the use of
highly-paid staff;
◦ Staff with the appropriate experience may not be
available within an organization or externally;
◦ An organisation may wish to develop employee
skills on a software project.
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Project Planning is probably the most
time-consuming project management
activity.
Continuous activity from initial concept
through
to system delivery. Plans must be regularly
revised as new information becomes
available.
Various different types of plan may be
developed to support the main software
project plan that is concerned with
schedule and budget.
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Types of plan required by Software Managers:1Quality plan: Describes the quality
procedures that will be used in a project.
2Validation plan: Describes the approach,
resources and schedule used for system
validation.
3Configuration plan: Describes the
configuration management procedures and
structures to be used.
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Al Khawarizmi International College,
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4Maintenance plan: Describes the
maintenance requirements of the system,
maintenance cost and effort required.
5Staff development plan: Describes how
the skills and experience of the project team
members will be developed.
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The project plan sets the resources
available to the project.
A single document includes all the
different types of plans.
The project plan is concerned with the
development process.
The details of the project plan vary
depending on the type of the project and
organization.
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1- Introduction: Describes the objectives
and, and constrains of the project
2- Project organization: Describes the roles
of the team involved.
3- Risk management: Describes possible
project risks and strategies to reduce that
risk.
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4 - Hardware and software resources
requirements: Describes the hardware and the
software required to carry out the
development.
5- Work breakdown: Describes the activities
that will be set during the process, and the
milestones and deliverables with each activity.
6- Project Schedule: Describes the
dependencies between activities (The estimated
time required to reach each milestone).
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7- Monitoring and reporting mechanisms:
Describes the management reports which
should be produced, when these should be
produced and the project monitoring
mechanism used.
Note: The project plan should be regularly
revised during the project.
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Scheduling is estimating the time and
resources required to complete activities
and organize them through the project
period of time (project life).
Organize tasks concurrently to make
optimal use of workforce.
Minimize task dependencies to avoid
delays
caused by one task waiting for another to
complete.
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Managers when estimating schedule
should
keep
in
mind,
unexpected
problems that may delay the activity timing
like illness, hardware breakdown, and
delay in a new hardware delivery time, etc.
A guideline for estimation is to allocate
activity timing as if every thing goes well
for all activities, then some extra time
should be added for unexpected problems.
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• Project scheduling is usually represented
on charts showing the work breakdown
activity, dependencies, staff allocation and
the activity timing.
 Scheduling dependent on project
managers intuition and experience.
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Al Khawarizmi International College,
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Activities in a project should be
organised to produce tangible outputs
for management to judge progress.
A milestone is an end-point of the
software process activity. At each
milestone, a formal progress report is
generated to be presented to
management.
Deliverables are project results delivered
to customers.
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Milestone
1. Milestones are the
formal progress report
that are given to the
management.
2. Delivered at the end of
some software process
activity.
Deliverable
1. Deliverable are the
project result which are
given to the Customers.
2. Delivered at the end of
some major project
phases such as
specification, design,etc.
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Milestone
3. Milestones are not
necessarily deliverables.
Deliverable
3. Deliverables are
usually milestones.
4.Milestones need not be 4. Deliverables are
large documents.
usually large documents.
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To establish milestones, the software
process which is being followed for a
particular project, must be broken down
into activities.
The next slide shows activities involved in
requirements engineering when prototyping
is used to help validate requirement. It also
shows
the principle stages of each activity.
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Al Khawarizmi International College,
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Activities
Feasibility
Study
Feasibility
report
Requirements
analysis
Requirements
definition
Prototype
developme
nt
Design
Study
Requirements
Specifications
Evaluation
report
Architectural
design
Requirements
specifications
Milestones
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It is necessary for all activities to end at a
milestone.
The waterfall model of the software
process is widely adopted as it allows for
the straightforward definition of progress
milestones.
Alternative approach, such as Exploratory
programming the milestone definition is a
more difficult and less certain process.
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Bar charts: are graphical notations which
used to represent the project schedule and
show who are responsible for each activity
and when the activity is scheduled to begin
and to end.
Activity network: are graphical notations
which is used to represent the project
schedule and show the dependencies
between the different activities making up a
project.
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Al Khawarizmi International College,
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Critical path: is the minimum time required
to finish the project, also it's the longest
path in duration in the activity network
graph. So a critical path has the
 Longest path
 Shortest time within which project can be
completed
 Zero slack (or float)
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Example:
Task ,durations and dependencies
Task
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
Duration(Days)
8
15
15
10
10
5
20
25
15
15
7
10
Dependencies
T1(M1)
T2, T4 (M2)
T1, T2 (M3)
T1 (M1)
T4 (M5)
T3, T6 (M4)
T5, T7 (M7)
T9 (M6)
T11 (M8)
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1 4 /7 /0 3
1 5 da y s
M1
T3
1 5 da y s
8 da y s
T9
T1
5 da y s
4 /8/0 3
2 5 /8/0 3
2 5 /7 /0 3
M4
T6
4 /7 /0 3
M6
M3
star t
7 da y s
2 0 da y s
15 da y s
T7
T 11
T2
2 5 /7 /0 3
5 /9/0 3
11 /8/0 3
10 da y s
10 da y s
M2
T4
M7
T5
T 10
1 8 /7 /0 3
M8
1 5 da y s
1 0 da ys
T 12
M5
2 5 da y s
Finish
T8
1 9 /9/0 3
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Risks are consequences of something that
may go wrong because of incomplete
information. Risk is related to the amount
and quality of available information. The
less information, the higher risk.
The principle task of a Project manager is to
minimize risk.
Categories of Risk:
> Project Risk
> Product Risk
> Business Risk
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The process of risk management involves
several stages:
1.
Risk Identification: Possible project,
product and business risks are identified.
2.
Risk Analysis: the likelihood and
consequences of risk are assessed.
3.
Risk Planning: Plans to address the risk
either by avoiding it or minimizing its
effects on the project are determined.
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4.
Risk Monitoring: The risk is constantly
assessed and plans for risk reduction are
revised as the information about the risk
become available.
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Gantt Charts
Critical Path Method (CPM)
Program Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT)
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Ms-Project helps us to plan and manage a
project.
Major views of Ms-Project
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Gantt Chart
Calendar View
Network Diagram
Resource Sheet
Resource Usage
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Created 1800
Standard format for displaying project
schedules
◦ activities, durations, start/end finish dates
displayed in calendar format
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Advantages
◦ enforces planning
◦ easy to create & understand
◦ preferred for summary/exec-level information
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Symbols include:
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black diamond: milestones
Thick black bars: summary tasks
Lighter horizontal bars: tasks
Arrows: dependencies between tasks
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Al Khawarizmi International College,
Abu Dhabi, U.A.E
Chapter 2: Project Management
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Abu Dhabi, U.A.E
Chapter 2: Project Management
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Al Khawarizmi International College,
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Resources can be broadly divided into
consumables and non-consumables. A
consumable resource is consumed as it
goes into a task, for example, when
money is spent on paying contractors it
cannot be used again. Non-consumable
resources can be used over and over
again - manpower and equipment used
on a project are obvious examples of
non-consumable resources.
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To open Project Information
◦ Click Project Menu -> Project Information
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To change Calendar settings
◦ Lick Tools Menu -> Change Working Time..
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To set up dependencies between tasks
◦ Click Project Menu->Task Information
◦ Shortcut key is Shift+F2
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