Essay Writing Skills
PEDALYour Way to
Better Grades
P-E-D-A-L Paragraphs
P-E-D-A-L
 Point – what is the point you




are exploring?
Example – show an example
that illustrates the point
Decipher – what does it
mean?
Analyse – the effect on the
reader (Writer-Reader
Relationship)
Link – how does this point help
to answer the essay question?
Make your Point
 The Point is the main idea you are expressing
 Eg.
In the novel ‘Millions’ by Frank Cottrell Boyce, an important
idea the author portrays is that having a lot of money can be a
curse. Damian is the central character of the novel as the
story is told from his perspective.The story follows Damian
as he finds a bag filled with money in his backyard and
then, along with his brother Anthony, he has to decide
what to do with it.
Prove it! Use Examples
 You need to support your points with examples from the text
in order to prove that what you have said is true.
Eg.
When he first finds the money Damian thinks that it must have
come from God as it “fell out of the sky”.This is largely due to
Damian being a very religious person who wants to be a saint.
It is important that we see the story from Damian’s perspective
as at the beginning of the novel Damian says that the story
would be different “if it was told by our Anthony”.
Decipher it – What does it mean?
 The next step is to try and work out what this ‘tells’ the
reader... What can the reader work out about the author’s
message and what do we read between the lines?
 Eg. The reader understands from this that Damian’s thoughts on
how to spend the money are quite different to his brother’s.
Damian believes that God would only have given them the
money to do good deeds, while Anthony is interested in buying
toys, shoes and sweets.
Analyse Beyond the Text
 Explain and Expand the point to Analyse what is being
suggested beyond the text? How does it relate to the real
world? How does it tie in with the author’s message?
 Eg. As the story moves forward, tension builds between the two
brothers as they struggle to take responsibility for the money by
themselves.Their relationship deteriorates as Damian tries to
give the money to good causes and Anthony uses the money to
bribe people and buy expensive goods.
Link your response back to show
how it answers the question and
achieves the author’s purpose
 How does the point, example, deciphering and analysis actually answer the essay
question that you set out to explore? How does it alter the overall tone, mood,
and atmosphere of the text? What emotions does it raise and how should the
reader respond?
As a result of the boys’ disagreements over the money, we
start to see that money can become a curse. Instead of the money
making life easier for Damian and his family, it in fact brings a
lot of turmoil.We sympathise with Damian’s feelings because he
is the narrator and we feel close to him as a character.
 Eg.
Completed P-E-D-A-L Paragraph
 In the novel ‘Millions’ by Frank Cotterel Boyce, an important idea the author portrays is
that having a lot of money can be a curse. Damian is the central character of the novel as
the story is told from his perspective.The story follows Damian as he finds a bag filled
with money in his backyard and then, along with his brother Anthony, he has to decide
what to do with it. When he first finds the money Damian thinks that it must have come
from God as it “fell out of the sky”.This is largely due to Damian being a very religious
person who wants to be a saint. It is important that we see the story from Damian’s
perspective as at the beginning of the novel Damian says that the story would be different
“if it was told by our Anthony”.The reader understands from this that Damian’s thoughts
on how to spend the money are quite different to his brother’s. Damian believes that God
would only have given them the money to do good deeds, while Anthony is interested in
buying toys, shoes and sweets. As a result of the boys’ disagreements over the money, we
start to see that money can become a curse. Instead of the money making life easier for
Damian and his family, it in fact brings a lot of turmoil.We sympathise with Damian’s
feelings because he is the narrator and we feel close to him as a character.
Our next steps: paragraph two and
beyond…
 Your next paragraph is going to centre on the following technique:
 Metaphor
 You need to consider how you can link this technique to the main idea we are
focusing on (having a lot of money can be a curse).You will need an example
from the text that shows this technique in use.
For paragraph three you can choose one of the following techniques to write your
body paragraph on. Remember you need to be able to effectively link it to the
main idea we are explaining.
 Structure (climax/resolution)
 Dialogue