Kingdom
ANIMALIA
Kingdom Animalia
Animals are…….
• Eukaryotic
• Sexual (mostly)
• Usually multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• Motile, if only at certain life stages.
• Embryos pass through a blastula stage
Blastulation
Body Symmetry
Body Plan = Body shape, symmetry and internal
organization
– Asymmetrical- no symmetry
– Radial symmetry- body parts arranged around
central axis (like a rims of a car)
– Bilateral Symmetry- distinct right and left
halves. (can divide into mirror images) caused cephalization
Symmetry
Central Axis
Mirror Images
Bilateral Symmetry
• Up, down, left right?
• Dorsal – top
• Ventral- bottom
• Anterior- front
• Posterior- back
Body Cavity
• A coelom is a body cavity.
• The space, located between an animal’s outer covering
and the outer lining of the gut cavity
– where internal organs develop.
• Most bilateral animals, including all the vertebrates,are coelomates
Body Organization
Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
Aceolomates Vs
Pseudocoelomates Vs
Coelomates
Protostomes
vs.
Deuterostomes
(differences in
embryonic
development)
Body Cavity of Animals
Coelom - fluid filled body cavity that separates
gut from body wall AND allows internal organs to
shift around independently (flexibility)
Pseudocoelomates- although organs are held in
place loosely, they are not as well organized as
in a coelomate
Acoelomate- semi-solid tissue, no fluid cavity
– Who has one?
• Most of animal kingdom (coelomates)
– Who doesn’t?
• Cnidarians, flatworms (aceolomates)
– Pseudocoelomates
• Nematods, rotifers
1. Which type of body form does not have a fluid-filled cavity?
flatworm (acoelomate)
2. How do a pseudocoelom and a coelom differ?
A pseudocoelom is a fluid filled cavity in direct contact with the
digestive tract. A coelom is a fluid-filled cavity completely lined by
tissue and not in direct contact with the digestive tract.
The current
phylogenetic tree
for K. Animalia
The Invertebrate Phyla
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Rotifera
Annelida
Molluska
Echinodermata
Arthropoda
Phylum Porifera
Sponges
• Lack Symmetry (asymmetrical)
– Cell recognition (fire grate)
• Sessile- attach to sea floor
• Obtain Food?
– Ostia; (pores) where water enters
– Oscula; holes where water exits
– Collar cells (choanocytes) take in water,
trap plankton
and other microorganisms
– Amoebocytes supply sponges cells
with nutrients; carry away waste
• Regeneration, Fragmentation, Gemmules (Asexual)
• Sexual Reproduction- hermaphrodites
Phylum Cnidarian
• Jelly “Fish”!
• 2 body forms
– Medusa & polyp (hydra)
• Cnidocytes (stinging cells) filled with
nematocysts (barbed harpoons)
• Corals and Sea Anemones are relatives
• Radial Symmetry
• Acoelomate
YUM
Medusa and Polyp Stages
Jellyfish Life
Cycle
THE MOST DEADLIEST ANIMAL IN THE
WORLD!?
Australian Box Jellyfish
Bioluminescence
The Jellies of NJ
• Purple Jellyfish
• Lion’s Mane
• Moon Jelly
Coral and Anemones
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms (planarians) & parasitic (tapeworms)
• Bilateral symmetry
• Evolved cephalization
• Can be parasitic
• Regeneration
• Acoelomate
ReCap!
1. Do sponges have body symmetry and if
so what kind?
2. How do sponges obtain food?
3. What are the 2 body forms of jellyfish?
4. What are nematocysts?
5. What phylum do flatworms belong to?
6. What phylum do jellyfish belong to?
7. What phylum do sponges belong to?
Kingdom
ANIMALIA
The Invertebrate Phyla
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Rotifera
Annelida
Molluska
Echinodermata
Arthropoda
Phylum Nemotoda
• Round worms (parasitic)
• Bilateral symmetry
• Evolved a
pseudocoelom
Phylum Rotifera
• Bilateral symmetry
• Evolved parthenogenesis (females make a 2N egg)
Phylum Annelida
– Earthworms!!
– Bilateral symmetry
– Coelomates (first to evolve in)
– Evolved segmentation
– Hermaphroditic, but cannot self
fertilize (they swap sperm)
Phylum Mollusca
600 MYA “Cambrium Explosion”
– 100,000 species,
• Coelomates
• Bilateral Symmetry
Four classes:
Fast swimming…why?
JET PROPULSION!!
*Closed circulatory system*
(cephalopods)
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda “walking stomach”
Snails and Slugs
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalve:
clams, mussels, oysters,
scallops
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda “walking brain”
squids, octopus, cuttlefish.
Echinodermata
“spiny skin”
• Coelomates
• Water vascular system
• Deuterostomes
• Ex/ sea urchins, sea stars, sea lilies, sea
cucumbers
• RADIAL SYMMETRY
Earthworm Investigation
Keep the worms MOIST
Pop Quiz
What are the names of the 8
invertebrate phylums we have
done so far… AND give an
example for each
Phylum Arthropoda
•
•
•
•
Thorax (coelom)
Segmented bodies,
jointed appendages,
hard external skeletons
– made of chitin
• Molting
• Compound eyes
• Trachae
– (chitin lined tubes that exchange air through holes in
exoskeleton called spiracles)
• Ex/ Arachnids, insects, spiders, scorpions,
barnacles, lobsters, crabs, etc
OMG
Sand Spiders!!!
Ruuunnnnnn!!!!!!!
Killer Chipmunk Spider
Arthropod Body Types
4 Pairs of Legs
Body Features
Review
• What organism(s) would be classified this
way?
– Eukarya domain
– Animalia kingdom
– Phylum mollusca
– Class gastropoda
• What is the name of the phyla for
– Sponges, jelly fish, octopus, flatworms,
roundworms, earthworms, star fish, spiders
Phylum
Porifera
Remember?
Complete the
Table
Example
Sea
sponge
Body Plan Traits
Asym.
Sessile
Cnidarian
Platyh.
Flatworm
Rotifer
rotifer
Annelida
Nematoda
Mollusca
Echinoder
mata
Arthropoda
Water
vascular
system
Phylum chordata
“Chordates”
• Named for notochord found in embryo
– Flexible rod that extends through much of the length of
the body (eventually turns into spinal chord of vertebrates)
– Pharyngeal Gill Slits!
• 2 Invertebrate Species : Tunicates and Lancelets
– Marine animals
• In ALL vertebrates
– Skulls, backbones, internal skeleton (endoskeleton)
– Sharks have cartilage skeleton
– Humans have both bone and cartilage skeleton
All chordates have…
The Vertebrates!
Breaking it Down…
Domain Eukayra
Kingdom Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
– Class Agnatha
– Class Condrichthyes
– Class Osteichthyes
– Class Amphibia
– Class Reptilia
– Class Aves
– Class Mammalia
Class Agnatha
• Jawless & boneless early fish
• Two chamber heart
• Ex: Lampreys, Hagfish
2 Chamber
Heart
•
•
•
•
Atrium where blood enters chamber
Capillaries connect arteries to veins
Ventriclepumps
Arteries blood away
The Vertebrates
Class Chondrichthyes
• Developed cartilage and jaws
• Two chamber heart
• Ex: Sharks, skates, rays
2 Chamber
Heart
•
•
•
•
Atrium where blood enters chamber
Capillaries connect arteries to veins
Ventriclepumps
Arteries blood away
Examples of Chondrichthyes in NJ
Dogfish
Clear Nosed Skate
Cow-nosed stingray
Not in NJ
The Vertebrates!
Class Osteichthyes
• Bones
• Two chamber heart
• 30,000 species,
largest vertebrate
group
• Ex: Bony Fish
Osteichthyes of NJ
Fluke
Blue
Fish
Tautog
Transparency 25B-3
1. What is the function of the operculum?
It is a moveable, protective flap that covers and pumps water
through the gills.
Transparency 25B-4
2. How does the swim bladder contribute to a fish’s movement in water?
It allows the fish to control its depth in the water.
FOLDABLE
Vertebrate Review
OPEN NOTES QUIZ
Answer these on a separate sheet of paper
1. Which class is the largest vertebrate group?
2. Classify the earliest jawless fish from domain through
class
3. In what class would I find the cartilaginous fish?
4. Classify the bony fish domain through class
5. What is the function of a operculum?
6. What is the function of the swim bladder (air sac)?
7. What kind of heart do each of the 3 vertebrates have that
we have studied so far?
The Vertebrates!
GET 6 Index Cards
label them…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Phylum Chordata
Class Agnatha
Class Condrichthyes
Class Osteichthyes
Class Amphibia
Class Reptilia
Class Amphibia
• Evolved from the uncommon lobe finned fish
& lung fish (350 MYA)
• Tetrapods FIRST ON LAND (side to side)
• 3 chamber heart
• Gills, Waterproof skin, gas exchange through
skin
•
•
•
•
Swamps during carboniferous period
Ectothermy- cold blooded
No scales, live near water (reproduce)
Ex: Frogs, toads, salamaders, newts
Fish & Amphibian Heart…
CP ONLY
CP ONLY
1. Compare and contrast the two hearts.
Each has one ventricle. A fish’s heart has one atrium, while an
amphibian’s heart has two atria.
The Vertebrates!
Class Reptilia
• Watertight skin (harsh dry enviro.. hard scales)
• Most have 3 chamber heart (not crocs,
alligators)
• Oviparous (egg-laying) Amniotic egg
• Internal fertilization
• Ectotherms
(cold blood)
• Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles,
and alligators are reptiles
Vertebrate Review
OPEN NOTES QUIZ
Answer these on a separate sheet of paper
1. Which class is the largest vertebrate group?
2. Classify the earliest jawless fish from domain through
class
3. In what class would I find the cartilaginous fish?
4. Classify the bony fish domain through class
5. What is the function of an operculum?
6. What is the function of the swim bladder (air sac)?
7. What kind of heart do each of the vertebrates have?
8. Compare and Contrast Amphibians to Reptiles (3)
CP ONLY
Reptilian Orders
• Turtles
– order Testudines
• Snakes and Lizards
– order Squamata
• Crocodiles and alligators
– Order Crocodillia
The Vertebrates!
Class Aves
• Evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurrasic
250MYA
• Four chamber heart
• Have scales (evolved from reptiles)
• FEATHERS  modified scales?!
• Endothermy- warm blooded
• Porous bones
– Some fly
– Some cant
Bird “Feet” Diversity
The Vertebrates!
Class Mammalia
• Evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurrasic
•
•
•
•
•
Four chamber heart
Fur, Nurture Young
Endothermy-warm blooded
Mammary Glands
Monotremes (egg laying)
• Pouched mammals- finish development
inside pouch (marsupials)…
• echindas and platypus!
MAKE SURE YOU KNOW
All chordates have…
Benefit of endoskeleton Larger SIZE!
Open Notes Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Which class is the largest vertebrate group?
What class do the early jawless fish belong to?
In what class would I find a bony fish?
What is the function of the swim bladder?
What kind of heart do each of the vertebrates have?
How are reptiles different from amphibians?
What are the benefits of an internal skeleton?
Which 2 classes have scales?
Which 2 classes are endothermic?
How are the 3 types of mammals different?
What are 2 examples of monotremes?
CP ONLY
Mammalian Orders
• Order Cetacea
– Whales, dolphins porpoise
• Order Sirenia
– manatee
• Order Rodentia
– Squirrels, rats, mice
• Order Carnivora
– Dogs, wolves, cats, otters, bears etc
• Order Chiroptera
– bats
4 Chambers
1. What do elephants and bats
have in common that koala
bears do not?
Elephants and bats are
placental mammals, while
koala bears have pouches in
which their young develop.
2. Based on the diagram,
which groups of mammals
are most distantly related?
Rodents, rabbits, tree
shrews, and primates are
most distant from the
monotremes (egg-laying
mammals).
Vertebrates