Labor Forces
Chapter 12
Terms to Know

Labor Quality

Labor Quantity

Labor Mobility
Labor Mobility


1945-1970s--30 million workers
Two groups



Foreign-born
Foreign
Immigration



11.5%
Naturalization
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services


Two missions
Illegal immigrants
American Policies


History
Federal Law




1921
1965
1986
Visa Types







B visa
E visa
F visa
H visa
I visa
J visa
L visa
American Policies


Immigrant Visas
Refugee/Asylum Seekers





75 million
Historical trends
Requirements
Population trends
U.N. High Commission for Refugees
Immigration


Fueled economy
Brain Drain




Reverse Brain Drain


What is it?
Why does it happen
Example: Jamaica
Why is it occurring?
Guest Workers


Why use them?
Problems
Labor Force Productivity


“How many acceptable units are produced
by a worker during a given time and cost
per unit.”
Forces
Considerations in Employment
Policies





Social Status
Sexism
Racism
Minorities in Traditional Studies
Developing Nations
Social Status


Great Britain
India

Caste system






Rules
Japan




Brahmin
Kshatriyac
Bania
Shudra
Warrior-samauri
Farmers and artisans
Merchants
“Dirty” occupations
Sexism



Extremes
Maternity and Family Leave
Women’s education


Global literacy rates
Opportunities in decision-making
Racism

Does globalization reduce it?
Minorities in Traditional Sciences

Traditional Sciences


What are they?
Use of minorities to create inroads


Advantages
Disadvantages
Developing Countries

What is causing problems?

Effects of higher education
Employer-Employee Relationships

Importance of Preparation


Research


Labor market
What to look for?
Labor trends
Labor Unions

Europe



United States



Political
Government active
More pragmatic
Collective bargaining
Japan



Enterprise-based
Focus on company
Least satisfied
Labor Unions

Membership Trends




Union free businesses
Women and teenagers
Union success
Knowledge economy
Multinational Labor Activities


Globalization Effects
Union Response




International Labor Organization


What does it do?
Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD


European Union
European Trade Union Conference
AFL-CIO
What does it do?
Would harmonized labor standards boost trade and
income?


Unions
IMF
Worker Participation

Codetermination



Originated in Europe
How does it work?
Expansion


U.S.?
Works Councils



Objective:
Two forms
Spreading to the U.S.?