Plant Reproduction
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Plant Reproduction Home Page
4
1
Seed dispersal
Flower structure
5
2
Germination
Pollination
3
6
Fruit development
Test
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Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Click image to view a video on plant reproduction
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser
window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://vimeo.com/1594037?pg=embed&sec=1594037
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Flower structure
stigma
anther
style
stamen
filament
carpel
ovary
ovule
petal
sepal
peduncle
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
receptacle
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Structure and function of the flower
stigma
anther
style
stamen
filament
carpel
ovary
ovule
petal
sepal
receptacle
peduncle
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Flower Structure Quiz
• What is the name of the structure labelled X in the
diagram?
carpel
sepal
X
stamen
peduncle
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Flower Structure Quiz
• Where is pollen made?
stigma
sepal
anther
ovary
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Flower Structure Quiz
• Where is the ovule found in a flower?
petals
style
nectary
ovary
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Flower Structure Quiz
• Which parts of the flower are labelled below:
X
X = style, Y = stigma
X = filament, Y = anther
Y
X = stigma, Y = style
X = anther, Y = filament
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Pollination
The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete)
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther
to the stigma
• This is an example of cross-pollination as the
pollen travels from one flower to a different flower.
This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation.
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects
or by wind
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract
insects to them to enable transfer of pollen
Pollen has
barbs for
hooking onto
insect fur
nectar and a
scent present
Anthers positioned
to rub pollen onto
insects
Sticky stigma
to collect pollen
Flower Structure
Pollination
Brightly
coloured petals
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure
because they do not have to attract insects to
them but do need to be exposed to the wind.
Pollen grains are very
small and light. They
occur in very large
numbers
Anthers are exposed to the
wind so that pollen can
easily be blown away
Stigma are
feathery to catch
pollen carried on
wind
Petals are small
and green as there
is no need to attract
insects
Flower Structure
No scent or nectary
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the
anther onto the stigma of the same flower
• Self-pollination is
not desirable as it
reduces variation
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either
having stigma above stamen or…
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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…by having stamen and stigma mature at different
times.
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Click on the icons below to view the
summary videos on pollination
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste
this url into a new browser window and you can
watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ3J4UWwd2Q
Pollination (9 minutes)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste
this url into a new browser window and you can
watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0
Insect pollination (1 minute)
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Pollination Quiz
• Pollination is the transfer from….?
the stigma to anther
style to stamen
ovule to filament
anther to stigma
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Pollination Quiz
• The two mechanisms for pollination are?
Wind and water
Insect and wind
Insect and water
Wind and birds
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Pollination Quiz
• Cross-pollination…
Increases variation
Decreases variation
Is only performed by insects
Is only performed by wind
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Pollination Quiz
• Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by…
Having bright petals and a scent
Having a nectary
Having feathery stigmas
Having sticky stigmas
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Fertilisation and Fruit Development
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the
pollen grain down through the style to the ovule
stigma
style
carpel
ovary
ovule
Note: Petals not shown in
order to simplify diagram
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Fertilisation occurs when the male gamete
fuses with the ovule (the female gamete)
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Watch this short introductory video to review
fertilisation (1 minute)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser
window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVhH2GPlckE
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Seed Dispersal
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Watch the video on seed dispersal
(lasts just under 10 minutes)
If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new
browser window and you can watch the video then, url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOM
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After fertilisation the petals, stamen and sepals fall off.
The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilised egg inside
develops into an embryo plant.
Cotyledon:
Food store
Testa:
tough seed coat
Plumule:
Embryo shoot
Micropyle:
Hole made by
pollen tube
Embryo
plant
Radicle:
Embryo root
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes
dormant because metabolic reactions stop.
The ovary develops to become a fruit.
Fleshy wall
of the ovary
(yes, you are
eating an
adapted ovary
when you
crunch into an
apple!
seed
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent
plant in order to reduce competition for space,
light, nutrients and water.
• Seeds can be dispersed by:
•
•
•
•
Wind
Water
Mechanical
Animals
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Seed dispersal quiz
• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed
shown in the picture
water
mechanical
wind
animal
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
ClickBiology
Seed dispersal quiz
• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed
shown in the picture
mechanical
animal
water
wind
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
ClickBiology
Seed dispersal quiz
• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed
shown in the picture
water
wind
animal
mechanical
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
ClickBiology
Seed dispersal quiz
• Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed
shown in the picture
animal
mechanical
water
wind
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Germination
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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The seed contains the embryo plant and
cotyledons (starch stores)
Testa
Water enters the seed
through the micropyle
and activates enzymes.
Plumule
(embryo shoot)
The water also softens
the testa to allow it to
split.
Radicle
(embryo root)
Cotyledon
Micropyle
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Enzymes are used in seed germination
Plumule
starch
amylase
secreted
embryo plant
The enzymes break
starch down into
maltose and then
glucose. The glucose
is used in respiration
to provide energy for
growth
maltose
Radicle
This is the first part
to grow out of the
seed as it needs to
absorb more water
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in
the cotyledon to provide energy for growth
light
The seedling can now
photosynthesise and
make its own food
germination
Plant growth and development
soil
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed:
Seed loses weight as it uses
up starch stores in the
cotyledons as the seedling
cannot photosynthesise yet
Dry mass/g
Weight increases as
the seedling can
photosynthesise and
plant grows
Dry mass is the
mass of solid
matter with all
water removed
Days
Flower Structure
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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Conditions required for germination
Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen)
No light
Oxygen
present
Oxygen
present
Oxygen
present
Oxygen
present
No
oxygen
moist
4oC
A
Flower Structure
dry
moist
moist
moist
Warm
B
Warm
C
Warm
D
Warm
E
Pollination
Fruit Development
Seed Dispersal
Germination
Test
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END
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