Late Roman Republic
Roman Republic Map, 40 BC
Wars after Punic Wars
• Numantine Wars – Spain
• Servile War – several slave revolts in Sicily
from 130 BC to 71 BC including Spartacus
• Jugurthine War – against half of Numidia
(Jugurtha)
• 100 BC – Julius Caesar born
Pre-Caesar Generals
• Rivalry between Marius and Sulla
• Confiscations of property
• Sulla fought in Jugurthine War and against
Mithridates in Pontus
• Pompey and Crassus joined Sulla against
Marius
• Proscriptions – confiscation and selling of
property
Spartacus
• 73 BC - Thracian, sold as slave-gladiator
• Led revolt at a gladiator school
• Left town and picked up 70,000 rural slaves on
the way to the Alps
• Won several battles, left behind by pirate
ships
• Crassus finally defeated slaves, Pompey had
6000 crucified on Appian Way
First Triumvirate
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Normal - Two consuls, sometimes one dictator
Pompey annexes Syria and Jerusalem
Caesar conquers parts of Spain
Crassus had defeated Spartacus
59 BC - They form 1st Triumvirate, three
consuls in power
• Calpurnia, second wife
Rise of Julius Caesar
• Crassus dies fighting Parthians in
Mesopotamia
• Proconsul Caesar defeated nemesis Gaul
Vercingetorix
• Pompey marries daughter of Caesar’s enemy
• Triumvirate dead
• Caesar crosses Rubicon in 49 BC
• “The die is cast.” Roman Civil War begins
Roman Civil War
• Pompey flees Rome to Greece
• Caesar re-elected consul/dictator, then resigns
• Marc Antony second in command “Master of the
Horse”
• Caesar defeats Pompey’s lieutenants in Spain
• 48 BC - Pompey flees to Egypt, tricked and
beheaded
• Caesar receives his head, allies with Cleopatra
• Helps her in Egyptian Civil War
Caesar Back in Rome
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Caesar returns to Rome in 47 BC
Starts enacting reforms
Puts own image on coins
Offered title of rex but rejects it
44 BC – Ides of March, Caesar stabbed to
death by 60 senators fearful of his becoming
king and ending the republic