 Purchasing
lottery tickets and
being rewarded with money is
being reinforced on what kind of
schedule?
 Variable-ratio
 Dolphins
in an aquarium will repeat
behaviors, such as jumping and
spinning, that prompt trainers to toss
them a fish. What type of learning(as
in a type of conditioning) are these
dolphins demonstrating?
 Operant
conditioning
 Albert
Bandura’s Bobo doll
experiment demonstrated
what kind of learning?
Observational
 The
more often Matthew is
scolded following a temper
tantrum, the more frequently he
loses his temper. In this case, the
scolding is what kind of
reinforcement or punishment for
Matthew’s temper tantrums?
 Positive
reinforcement
 What
does the word
“unconditioned” mean?
 Unlearned

An executive in a computer software
firm works with his office door closed. At
the same time every hour he opens the
door to see what his employees are
doing. The employees have learned to
work especially hard during the five
minutes before and while the door is
open. Their work pattern is typical of
responses that are reinforced on what
kind of schedule?
 Fixed-interval
 In
Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s
salivation triggered by the taste of
food was which of the four
elements of classical
conditioning?
 Unconditioned
response
 In
Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s
salivation triggered by the sound
of the tone was which of the four
elements of classical
conditioning?
 Conditioned
response
 Researchers
condition a flatworm to
contract its body to a light by
repeatedly pairing the light with
electric shock. What is the stage in
which the flatworm’s contraction
response to light is established and
gradually strengthened?
 Acquisition
A
teacher gives her students pop
quizzes at unpredictable times
throughout the year. Studying will
be reinforced on what kind of
schedule?
 Variable-interval
 After
Pavlov had conditioned a
dog to salivate to a tone, he
repeatedly sounded the tone
without presenting the food.
What phenomenon would occur?
 Extinction
 Monica’s
psychotherapist reminds her
so much of her own father that she
has many of the same mixed
emotional reactions to him that she
has to her own dad. Her reactions to
her therapist best illustrate the
importance of what classical
conditioning phenomenon?
 Generalization
 To
teach an animal to perform a
complex sequence of behaviors,
animal trainers are most likely to
use a procedure known as what?
 Shaping
 In
the book, Brave New World, infants
develop a fear of books after books
are repeatedly presented with a loud
noise. In this fictional example, the
loud noise is which of the four
elements of classical conditioning?
 Unconditioned
stimulus
 Because
Mom always picked up her
newborn when she cried, her
daughter is now a crybaby. Picking
up the baby was what kind of
reinforcement or punishment for
crying?
 Positive
reinforcement
 Escaping
from an aversive
stimulus is what kind of
reinforcer?
 Negative
 If
running reduces stress,
running is what kind of
reinforcer?
 Negative
A
fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement is when a
response is reinforced after
what?
 Specified
number of responses
 Asking
for a raise is most likely to
be reinforced on what kind of
schedule?
 Variable-ratio
 In
a variable-interval schedule of
reinforcement, the response is
reinforced after what?
 An
unpredictable period of time
has passed
 Taking
away a driver’s license
after drunk driving is intended to
serve as what?
 Negative
punishment
 Which
do psychologists
recommend in raising children:
reinforcement or punishment?
 Reinforcement
 What
is the desire to engage
in an activity for the sake of its
own enjoyment?
 Internal/Intrinsic
motivation
A
teacher has improved student
effectiveness by occasionally sending
notes of appreciation to her hardworking students. The teacher has
improved productivity through what
kind of conditioning?
 Operant
 Coffee
shops that reward
customers with one free cup of
coffee after every ten coffee
purchases are using what kind of
reinforcement schedule?
 Fixed-ratio
 The
last time you came home after
your curfew, your parents grounded
you for the next two weekends. Ever
since then, you’ve been careful to
come home on time. What type of
conditioning explains your behavior?

Operant conditioning

Give an example of a fixed-interval
schedule.

Monthly paycheck; weekly quiz

On Monday, Johnny’s mom gave him
cookies and milk after he had played
quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she
required 20 minutes of quiet play before
treat time, and on Wednesday, the
cookies were given only after a full hour
of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play
quietly for extended periods of time
through what technique?

Shaping

What is the difference between
reinforcement and punishment?

Reinforcement increases behavior;
punishment decreases behavior
 What
is the reappearance,
after a time lapse, of an
extinguished CR?

Spontaneous recovery

A stimulus that, when removed after a
response, strengthens the response is a
what?

Negative reinforcer

Jacqueline is attracted to her handsome
boyfriend but not to her equally
handsome brother. This illustrates which
classical conditioning phenomenon?

Discrimination

A manuscript editor is paid $25 for every
three pages she edits. The company is
using what kind of reinforcement
schedule?

Fixed-ratio

What researcher is most closely
associated with classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Pets that learn that the sound of an
electric can opener signals the arrival of
their food illustrates what method of
learning?

Classical conditioning

A student who loves to read and look up
the meaning of words she does not know
is promised a gold star for every time she
learns a new word. The student displays
what type of motivation?

Intrinsic

Give an example of a variable-ratio
schedule

Slot machine; fishing

What is the difference between classical
and operant conditioning?

Classical = uncontrolled; operant =
controlled