• Learning is achieved
through experience.
• Anything that we were
born knowing how to do
is not a result of learning,
but everything else is.
• We learn how to walk, we
learn how to speak in the
language of our parents,
and we learn how to read.
• Sometimes we learn to do
things by trying them
ourselves; at other times,
we learn by watching
others or by reading
books.
LEARNING
CONDITIONING =
LEARNING
• Stimulus – something that
produces a reaction (or response)
from a person or animal.
• Classical Conditioning is a simple
form of learning in which one
stimulus calls forth the response
that is usually called forth by
another stimulus.
• The founder of classical
conditioning was Russian
psychologist Ivan Pavlov (18491936).
IVAN PAVLOV RINGS A BELL
• Pavlov discovered that dogs learn to associate one thing with
another when food is involved.
• He was studying salivation to find a relationship between the
nervous system and digestion.
• He discovered that dogs did not always wait until they had
received meat to start salivating.
• Sometimes they would
salivate in response to the
clinking of food trays when
assistants entered the laboratory.
• He looked into this by
setting up an experiment
where he would stimulate
the dog by ringing a bell
when meat was near.
LETTERS OF LEARNING
•
There are four terms that are
associated with Classical
Conditioning.
•
Unconditioned Stimulus (US or
UCS) is a stimulus that causes a
response that is automatic, not
learned.
•
Unconditioned Response (UR or
UCR) is the automatic response
to the US.
•
Conditioned Response (CR) is a
learned response to a stimulus
that was previously neutral, or
meaningless.
•
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is the
stimulus that becomes a learned
stimulus through repeated
association.
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hhqumfpxuzI
QUESTION
What are some examples that you can think of in
which you have been classically conditioned to
something?
ACTIVITY
Complete the worksheet of situations that apply to
classical conditioning. In each situation identify
the neutral stimulus, unconditioned stimulus,
unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus,
and conditioned response.
WARM-UP
Define the parts in the classical conditioning
equation:
Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
ADAPTING TO THE
ENVIRONMENT
• Taste Aversion is a learned avoidance of a
particular food.
• Have you ever eaten a food that made you ill,
perhaps because it was spoiled?
• Did you then stay away from that food for a long
time?
• Example: Coyote
EXTINCTION
• Extinction occurs when conditioned stimulus is
disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus.
• Pavlov discovered that with repeated ringings of
the bell (CS) not followed by meat (US), the dogs
eventually stopped salivating (CR) when they
heard the bell (CS).
SPONTANEOUS
RECOVERY
• Spontaneous recovery is when the CR comes
back when the CS is presented again even after
an extended period of time.
• Think about a song that you heard that brought
back old feelings.
• If it were to become popular again and you
started hearing it everyday you probably would
no longer experience the same rush of feelings
after hearing it over and over.
GENERALIZATION
AND DISCRIMINATION
• Generalization is when we associate similar
objects to get a CR.
• Pavlov’s Dogs and the Circles are an example of
generalization.
• Discrimination is knowing the difference
between one CS and another.
• A bear cub can distinguish between a wolf and a
mouse is an example of Discrimination.
FLOODING
• Flooding is when a person is exposed
to something they fear until fear
responses to that stimulus are
extinguished.
• This uncomfortable for most
people.
• An example of this is that a person
with a fear of heights may look out
from a sixth story window until she or
he is no longer upset by it.
SYSTEMATIC
DESENSITIZATION
• Systematic desensitization is when people are
taught relaxation techniques and are then
exposed gradually to whatever stimulus the fear
while they remain relaxed.
• An example of this is a person who fears snakes
being shown pictures while they are relaxed.
COUNTERCONDITIONING
• Counterconditioning is when a pleasant
stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one,
counteracting the fear.
• I hate bunnies but I love cookies.
LITTLE ALBERT
On page 134 in the textbook you will read the
selection on baby Albert and then answer the 2
questions. While reading think about whether or
not you feel this was ethical and why.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVJMhk4oANM