CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION:
Focus on Instructional
Supervision
DR. CARMELITA T. DULANGON
Regional Director
DepED Regional Office 7
By reading the plan, do you know . . .
1. What the teacher will do to prepare the learners?
2. How will the teacher present the new lesson?
3. How will the teacher enable the learners to put their learning into
actual practice?
4. How will the teacher assess the learning of the pupils/students?
5. What assignment will the teacher give to reinforce, enhance, enrich
or expand the newly learned knowledge/skills/attitude?/or to
prepare the learner for the new lesson?
DISCUSSION:
- Before you can do instructional supervision,
particularly on classroom instruction, you must first
take a look at the actual teaching-learning process.
This starts from looking at the Lesson Plan and
then the actual observation of an actual class.
Challenge:
• Do you know what to look for in a Lesson Plan that will tell
you that the plan will truly carry out the intended lesson?
• Do you know what to look at during the actual teachinglearning activity?
• Do you know what assistance you can give to the teacher
to improve/expand and enhance/enrich his/her teaching?
Teaching is a process of organizing,
directing, and integrating the elements
of learning.
Approach
• theories of teaching and learning
Method
• what to teach and how to teach based
upon approach/steps in teaching
Strategy
•classroom procedure
Techniques
•tips/little tricks to aid learning
Approach deals with Theories
1. Behaviorist theory - “behavior”
Learning is a process of conditioning.
It calls for conditioned responses.
(Imitation Method/Drill Method)
Approach deals with Theories
2. Connectivist theory – “connect”
Learning is a process of connecting
Stimulus and Response (S&R).
It connects particular to general,
easy to difficult, simple to complex.
(Inductive Method/Developmental
Method)
Approach deals with Theories
3. Gestalt theory - “whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
Learning activities are unified and
integrated around a core or central
theme. (Deductive Method, Unit Method,
Integration Method, Morrisonian Method)
Learning is experiencing, doing
reacting, understanding.
Approach deals with Theories
4. Progressivist theory - “progressive”
Learning aims for the total growth of the learner. It stresses
activity, freedom and informality in the classroom. It calls
for active doing, thinking and feeling. (Activity Approach,
Experience – centered Approach, Life-centered Approach,
Process Approach, Project Method, Discovery Method,
Problem-Solving Method)
TEACHING METHOD BASED ON
APPROACH AND STEPS IN TEACHING
A. Behavioral-based:
1. Imitation Method/Drill Method
2. Phonetic Method
3. Demonstration Method
4. Global Method
TEACHING
METHOD
BASED
ON
APPROACH AND STEPS IN TEACHING
B. Connectionist-based:
1. Imitation Method
2. Developmental Method
3. Inductive Method/Herbartian Method
TEACHING METHOD BASED ON
APPROACH AND STEPS IN TEACHING
C. Gestalt-based:
1. Integration Method
2. Unit Method
3. Morrisonian Method
4. Deductive Method
TEACHING METHOD BASED ON
APPROACH AND STEPS IN TEACHING
D. Progressivist-based:
1. Project Method
2. Discovery Method/ Problem-solving Method
3. Process Approach
Generally, there are some common elements in a plan for
teaching a lesson. These are the 3P’s + 2A’s: The procedure
and steps in teaching should be simple and flexible.
3P’s
• Preparation
• Presentation
• Practice
2A’s
• Assessment
• Assignment
These elements correspond to the 3 laws of learning:
1. Law of Readiness
2. Law of Exercise
3. Law of Effect
Questions to ask when preparing a plan for teaching
What is the purpose or objective of
my lesson?
What is my topic/subject matter?
How will I teach my lesson?
Matching Laws of Learning and steps in teaching
1. Law of
Readiness
• PREPARATION
• How will I make the learners
ready/How do I prepare the learners
for the new lesson?
• How will I connect my new lesson
with the past lesson?
Matching Laws of Learning and steps in teaching
• PRESENTATION
• How will I present the new lesson?
2. Law of
Exercise
• What materials will I use?
• What generalization /concept /conclusion
/abstraction should the learners arrive at?
• What practice exercises/application activities
will I give to the learners?
Matching Laws of Learning and steps in teaching
• PRESENTATION
• How will I assess/evaluate the learners’ learning?
2. Law of
Exercise
• What assignment will I give to the learners?
• Will it enhance/enrich/expand the
knowledge/skills/attitudes learned today? Or
• Will it be a preparation for the next lesson?
Matching Laws of Learning and steps in teaching
•How will I recognize the
3. Law of achievement of each
individual learner? Whole
Effect
group? Whole class?
3P’s and 2A’s
- Motivation /Focusing /Establishing Mindset /Setting the Mood /Quieting /Creating
Interest
- Building Background Experience
- Activating Prior Knowledge/Apperception
- Review
- Drill
3P’s and 2A’s
- Showing/ Demonstrating/ Engaging/ Doing
/Experiencing /Exploring /Observing
- Role-playing, dyads, dramatizing,
brainstorming, reacting, interacting
- Articulating observations, finding,
conclusions, generalizations, abstraction
- Giving suggestions, reactions solutions
recommendations
3P’s and 2A’s
-
Answering practice exercise
- Applying learning in other situations/actual
situations/real-life situations
- Expressing one’s thoughts, feelings,
opinions, beliefs through artwork, songs,
dances, sports
- Performing musical numbers/dances
3P’s and 2A’s
-
Knowledge
- Process/Skills
- Understanding
- Product/Performance
-
Reinforcing today’s lesson
- Enriching today’s lesson
- Enhancing today’s lesson
- Preparing for the new lesson
A. Knowledge or Content Subjects
1. Social Studies
2. Science
B. Skills or Tool Subjects
1. English
2. Filipino
3. Mathematics
C. Enabling Subjects
1. Literature
2. Music and Arts
3. T.L.E.
4. P.E.
D.Ennobling Subjects
1. Values Education/ Character Education / GMRC
2. Health