Midterm 3 Review
Biology 105- Napa Valley College
Instructor: A. Ross
Lectures included on MT #3
▪ Skeletal
▪ Nervous 1, 2, and 3
▪ Muscle
▪ Endocrine
Skeletal Outline
I.
Overview of the skeletal system
II.
Function of bones
III.
Bone structure
IV.
Bone cells
V.
Cartilage
VI.
Tendons and Ligaments
VII.
Joints
VIII.
Bone development
IX.
Hormonal regulation of bone growth
X.
Homeostasis
XI.
Disorders of the skeletal system
Nervous I Outline
I.
Nervous system function
II.
Central and peripheral nervous system
III.
Nervous system cells
IV.
Myelinated neurons
V.
Nerve signal transmission
VI.
Nerve Synapse
Nervous II Outline
I.
Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System
II.
Peripheral Nervous System
A.
B.
III.
Autonomic Nervous Systems
Somatic Nervous Systems
Autonomic Nervous System
A.
B.
Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
Sympathetic Nervous Systems
IV.
Reflex Actions
V.
Central Nervous System
A.
B.
C.
Protection of CNS
Spinal Cord
Brain
Nervous III Outline
I.
Senses
II.
Sensory receptors
III.
Touch
IV.
Vision
V.
Hearing and balance
VI.
Smell
Muscle Outline
I.
Characteristics of muscles
II.
Three types of muscles
III. Functions of muscles
IV. Structure of skeletal muscles
V.
Mechanics of muscle contraction
VI. Energy source for muscle contraction
Endocrine Outline
I.
Function of Endocrine System
II.
Hormones and Neurotransmitters
III.
Types of Hormones and their actions
IV.
Endocrine glands/organs and hormones
Skeletal Things To Know:
▪ Function of bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons
▪ Two layers of bone
– Compact and spongy
▪ Epiphysis , Diaphysis, Osteon and Periosteum
▪ Processes involved in growth, development and fracture repair
– Osteoblasts vs Osteoclasts
– Regulation of bone growth by hormones
– Regulation of bone calcium levels
▪ Role of cartilage
▪ Synovial joints, bursas and menisci
▪ Disorders of the skeletal system and their treatments
Nervous System Things To Know:
▪ Functions of the two divisions of the nervous system (CNS and PNS)
▪ Cell types, parts of cells and their functions
– Neurons, neuroglia, microglia, Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
– Cell body, axon, dendrite, synaptic terminals
▪ Afferent vs Efferent
▪ Interneurons
▪ Sensory neurons- function and location
▪ Motor neuron- function and location
▪ Function of myelin
▪ Action potentials and electrophysiology- ions involved etc.
Nervous System Things To Know: Part 2
▪ Autonomic vs Somatic- function and role in the body
– Where in body? How do they function?
– Sympathetic and Parasympathetic- functions
▪ Reflexes
– Reflex arc, why are reflexes important?
▪ Central nervous system
– Cerebrospinal fluid, Blood brain barrier, spinal cord, brain
– Parts of the brain and their functions
▪ Meninges
– 3 layers
– Diseases/ afflictions that affect meninges and rest of Nervous system
Nervous System Things To Know: Part 3
▪ How sensory transduction works for all senses
▪ Differences between types of sense receptors
– Where located, what do they sense, how are they activated, structure etc.
– Touch, vision, hearing, balance, smell and taste
▪ How are the senses routed to the brain?
▪ Sensory adaptation
▪ Different types of touch
– Which receptors are responsible? (6 different types of receptor in the skin)
▪ Visual system
– Structure of the eye and mechanics of visual transduction
– Rods and Cones
Nervous Part 3 Continued
▪ Hearing
– Path of sound from external environment to brain.
– Structure and function of all parts of the outer, middle and inner ear
▪ Vestibular apparatus
– What does it do? How does it function?
▪ Smell and Taste
– Pathway of sensory nerves? (Smell is not through thalamus)
– Anatomy of smell and taste receptors
Muscle Things To Know:
▪ Be able to state the entire process of skeletal muscle contraction
– Starting with the action potential in the motor neuron, ending with movement.
– Ions in AP? Neurotransmitter? Receptor? T-Tubules, Sacroplasmic reticulum,
role of Calcium, actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin
▪ Insertion and Origin
▪ Structure/ anatomy of skeletal muscle
▪ Where is smooth muscle located?
– Differences between skeletal and smooth muscle
▪ Cardiac muscle
– Structure and function, gap junctions, intercalated disks.
Endocrine Things To Know:
▪ Differences between hormones and neurotransmitters
– Local vs global, long vs short term etc.
– Which hormones can cross plasma membrane and blood brain barrier
▪ Where are hormones produced, how are they delivered?
– Pituitary and hypothalamus (how are they involved)?
▪ Some examples:
– ADH, Oxytocin, Testosterone, Estrogen, ACTH, Cortisol, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL,
Growth Hormone, Insulin, T4 and T3, Calcitonin, Aldosterone,
– Disorders arising from aberrant hormonal function
▪ Adrenal glands- hormones released, function and disorders